Download Alkaline Batteries

Alkaline Batteries
AA
AAA
9-volt
By: Faiz Syed, Joseph Zeleke, Senan Geraghty, Samuel Chaux
History of the Alkaline Battery
❖ Alkaline Batteries were first developed by Waldemar Jungner in 1899
 Later Thomas Edison discovered it himself independently in 1901
❖ In the 1950s Canadian engineer Lewis Urry invented the first battery made out of zinc and
manganese dioxide
❖ Karl Kordesch and P.A. Marshal filed a US patent for the alkaline battery in 1957
❖ The battery obtained its name because the electrolyte used in it is alkaline (potassium
hydroxide)
The Battery Itself
● Alkaline Batteries are non-rechargeable, high energy density, powerful batteries that have a
long life span
● The negative electrode is zinc and the positive electrode is manganese dioxide
● Potassium Hydroxide is the electrolyte
● Complete reaction: Zn(s) + 2MnO2(s)
ZnO(s) + Mn2O3(s) [e° = 1.43 V]
● Oxidation Half Reaction: Zn(s) + 2OH−(aq) → ZnO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e− [e° = 1.28 V]
● Reduction Half Reaction: 2MnO2(s)+ H2O(l)+ 2e− →Mn2O3(s) + 2OH−(aq) [e° = +0.15 V]
● The battery is Primary
Compare and Contrast
AA
● 1.5 volts per cell
● Typical Mass- 23.0
grams
● Typical Volume-8.1
cubic centimeters
● Shelf Life- 7 years
● Recommended for
low battery drain
devices such as
toys, radios, clocks,
and remote controls
AAA
● 1.5 volts per cell
● Typical Mass- 11.5
grams
● Typical Volume- 3.8
cubic centimeters
● Shelf Life- 10 years
● Height- about 45mm
● All the constraints for
each alkaline battery is
a product of ANSI
(American National
Standards Institute)
● Used for digital
cameras and
flashlights
9-Volt
● 9 volts per cell
● The most common
form of alkaline
batteries
● Used for back-up
power in some
devices
● They are
constructed of 6
individual 1.5V
LR61 cells enclosed
in a wrapper
Battery Uses
● Alkaline batteries are the most common type of batteries used in the world with major consumption
in the US, UK, and Switzerland among other countries
● They are designed for long lasting performance and can be found in:
○ Remote controls
○ Clocks
○ Radios
○ Digital Cameras
○ Hand-held games
○ MP3 Players
○ Childrens Toys
Pros/Cons
PROS
-
-
-
Very cheap
Easily disposable
Some alkaline batteries can recharge (an
advantage over the non-rechargeable
lithium and heavy duty batteries)
Shelf life is longer compared to most
rechargeable nickel-metal hydride batteries
Higher voltage than the nickel-cadmium
rechargeable batteries (1.5 V > 1.2 V)
CONS
-
-
-
Poor performance in high drain devices
compared to other rechargeable batteries
Does not work below 60 degrees Fahrenheit
while other rechargeable batteries work well
until -4 degrees
Practically non-recyclable
Manufacturing Process
1. To create the cathode (container) of the alkaline battery the ingredients of manganese dioxide, carbon,
and a solution of potassium hydroxide are all mixed together in large hollow cylinders. They are then
compacted into preforms and ejected.
2. Next, the zinc powdered gel is inserted into the cavity
3. A paper separator is quickly placed in between the preforms to prevent contact of the anodes and the
cathodes.
4. Because an open cell is unlikely to function properly, the alkaline battery must be sealed
5. The first seal is a brass nail that goes through the middle of the battery cavity
6. The other two seals (metal cap and plastic seal) are then added on
7. The steel metal is then, usually, welded into place
8. At this final point, labels and other materials specific to the certain battery company are added.
Disposal
● Alkaline batteries can be safely disposed of with normal household waste.
● Never dispose of batteries in fire because they could explode.
● Used batteries are often not completely dead.
● Grouping used batteries together can bring these live batteries into contact with one another
● Due to concerns about mercury in the municipal solid waste stream, most alkaline battery
producers have eliminated all of the added mercury
Citations
http://www.batterypoweronline.com/main/markets/batteries/the-world-of-alkaline-batteries/
"The World of Alkaline Batteries." Battery Power Magazine. N.p., 27 June 2012. Web. 10 May
2015.
http://www.duracell.com/en-us/battery-care-and-disposal
"Battery Care and Disposal." Battery Care and Disposal. N.p., 2014. Web. 10 May 2015.
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Battery.html
"How Products Are Made." How Battery Is Made. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 May 2015.
http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/LR6CL_EU.pdf
European, Western. Classic (LR6) (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 7 May 2015.
http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/E92.pdf
1-800-383-7323, and /. Usa. ENERGIZER E92 (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 7 May 2015.