Download Module 1 - Mater Academy Lakes High School

Thinking About Psychology
The Science of Mind and Behavior 3e
Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Worth Publishers, © 2012
Scientific Inquiry Domain
Thinking about Psychological Science
Module 01
History and Perspectives in
Psychological Science
Module Overview
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Definition of Psychology
Modern Psychology’s Roots
Psychology in the Twentieth Century
Psychology’s American Groundbreakers
Six Psychological Perspectives
Psychology in the Twenty-First Century
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Module 01: History and Perspectives in Psychological Science
The Definition of
Psychology
Psychology
• Scientific study of behavior and mental
processes.
– Uses scientific research methods.
– Behavior includes all observable
behavior.
– Mental processes include thoughts,
feelings and dreams.
Basic Research
• Pure science that aims to increase the
scientific knowledge base.
• Research with the explicit purpose of
finding new
information
Applied Research
• Scientific study that
aims to solve practical
problems.
• Research with the
purpose of using
psychology to better the
world.
Module 01: History and Perspectives in Psychological Science
Modern Psychology’s
Roots
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
•
•
•
•
Founder of modern psychology;
he opened the first psychology laboratory.
The “father of psychology”
The opening of the lab in 1879 in Leipzig is
considered the beginning of the field of
psychology.
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
• Used introspection
(describing one’s
conscious experience)
• First to use of the
scientific method in
studying consciousness
E.B. Titchener (1867-1927)
• Founder of structuralism
• Analyzed the intensity, clarity and quality
of the parts of consciousness
• Stressed psychology as a
descriptive science
Structuralism
• Theory that the structure of
conscious experience could be
understood by analyzing the basic
elements of thoughts and sensations.
Gestalt Psychology
• Psychological perspective that emphasized
our tendency to integrate pieces of
information into meaningful wholes.
• The whole is different from the sum of its
parts.
William James (1842-1910)
• First American
psychologist and
• author of the first
psychology
textbook
• Founder of
Functionalism
Functionalism
• Theory that emphasized the
functions of consciousness or the
ways consciousness helps people
adapt to their environment
Module 01: History and Perspectives in Psychological Science
Psychology in the
Twentieth Century
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
• Founder of psychoanalysis,
• a controversial theory
about the workings of the
unconscious mind.
• Believed that abnormal
behavior originated from
unconscious drives and
conflicts
Psychoanalysis
• Freud’s theory of personality; also,
• a therapeutic technique that
attempts to provide insights into
thoughts and actions by
exposing and interpreting
the underlying unconscious
motives and conflicts
Freud’s Influence
• Influence on “pop culture”
– Freudian slips
– Anal-retentive
• Influence on psychology
– Psychodynamic theory
– Unconscious thoughts
– Significance of childhood experiences
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
• Russian physiologist and learning
theorist famous for the discovery of
classical conditioning, in which
learning occurs through associations.
• Studied learning in animals
• Emphasized the study of
observable behaviors
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
• Founder of behaviorism,
• the theory that psychology should
restrict its efforts to studying
observable behaviors, not mental
processes.
• Emphasized objective and
scientific methodology
• Albert’s rabbit study
Behaviorism
• The theory that psychology should
only study observable behaviors, not
mental processes.
• Today focuses on
learning through
rewards and
observation
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
• American behavioral
psychologist who developed
the fundamental principles
and techniques of operant
conditioning and
• devised ways to apply them
to the real world.
Humanistic Psychology
• A perspective that focuses on the study of
conscious experience, the individual’s
freedom to choose, and the capacity for
personal growth
• Stressed the study of conscious experience
and an individual’s free will
• Healthy individuals should strive to reach
their full potential.
• Rejected idea that behavior is controlled by
rewards and punishments
Carl Rogers (1908-1970)
• Humanist psychologist who developed
client-centered therapy and
• stressed the importance of
acceptance, genuineness,
and empathy in fostering
human growth.
Abraham Maslow (1902-1987)
• Humanistic psychologist who proposed
the hierarchy of needs,
• with self-actualization as one of the
ultimate psychological needs.
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
• Pioneer in the study of developmental
psychology who introduced a stage
theory of cognitive development that led
to a better understanding
of
children’s thought processes.
• Interested in how thinking
develops
• Believed younger children
thought differently than older children
Module 01: History and Perspectives in Psychological Science
Psychology’s American
Groundbreakers
G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924)
• First American with a doctorate in
psychology
• Open the first psychology lab in U.S. at
John Hopkins University
• First president of the APA
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)
• First woman to complete the
requirements for a Ph.D. in psychology
• President of the APA in 1905
Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1930)
• First woman to receive a Ph.D. in
psychology in the U.S.
Francis Cecil Sumner (1895-1954)
• First African-American to receive a
Ph.D. in psychology
Inez Beverly Prosser (1897-1934)
• First African-American woman to
receive a Ph.D. in psychology
Kenneth Clark (1914-2005)
Mamie Philips Clark (1917-1983)
• Researchers whose work was used in
the Brown vs. Board of Education case
that overturned segregation in
schools.
• Educational psychologists
• Studied institutionalized
racism
Module 01: History and Perspectives in Psychological Science
Six Psychological
Perspectives
Cognitive Perspective
• School of thought that focuses on how
people think – how we
– take in,
– process, store, and
– retrieve information.
• Emphasizes how people think about and
interpret a situation
Biological Perspective
• School of thought that focuses on the
physical structures and substances
underlying a particular behavior,
thought, or emotion
• Behavior is explained by brain chemistry,
genetics, glands,
etc.
Social-Cultural Perspective
• School of thought that focuses on how
thinking or behavior changes in
different situations or as a result of
cultural influences.
Behavioral Perspective
• Focus: How we learn through rewards,
punishments, and observation
• Behavior is explained by previous
learning
Humanistic Perspective
• Focus: How healthy people strive to
reach their full potential
• Behavior is explained as being
motivated by satisfying needs (safety,
hunger, thirst, etc.), with the goal of
reaching one’s full potential once basic
needs are met.
Psychodynamic Perspective
• Focus: How behavior is affected by
unconscious drives and conflicts
• Behavior is explained through
unconscious motivation and unresolved
inner conflicts from one’s childhood.
• Modern version of psychoanalytic
perspective.
Module 01: History and Perspectives in Psychological Science
Psychology in the
Twenty-First Century
Behavior Genetics
• The school of thought that focuses on
how much our genes and our
environment influence our individual
differences
• Focus: How behavior is affected by
genes and the environment
• Combines biology and behaviorism
Evolutionary Psychology
• School of thought that focuses on the
principles of natural selection to study the
roots of behavior and mental processes.
• Combines aspects of biological,
psychological, and social aspects of human
behavior
• Behavior is explained by how the behavior
may have helped our ancestors survive long
enough to reproduce successfully.
Positive Psychology
• A movement in psychology that focuses on
the study of optimal human functioning
• and the factors that allow individuals and
communities to thrive
• Focus: To study and promote optimal human
functioning
• Martin E.P. Seligman is a major
advocate
• Should promote building positive
qualities of people
The End
Teacher Information
• Types of Files
– This presentation has been saved as a “basic” Powerpoint file. While
this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the
file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers
use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save
the file for their specific version of Powerpoint.
• Animation
– Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none
of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested
teachers animate the slides wherever possible.
• Adding slides to this presentation
– Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal
teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which
can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow
this “Teacher Information” section.
Teacher Information
• Domain Coding
– Just as the textbook is organized around the APA National Standards,
these Powerpoints are coded to those same standards. Included at the
top of almost every slide is a small stripe, color coded to the APA
National Standards.
• Scientific Inquiry Domain
• Biopsychology Domain
• Development and Learning Domain
• Social Context Domain
• Cognition Domain
• Individual Variation Domain
• Applications of Psychological Science Domain
• Key Terms and Definitions in Red
– To emphasize their importance, all key terms from the text and their
definitions are printed in red. To maintain consistency, the definitions on
the Powerpoint slides are identical to those in the textbook.
Teacher Information
• Hyperlink Slides - Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (usually
slide #4 or #5) can be found listing all of the module’s subsections. While in
slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user
directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick
access to each subsection.
• Continuity slides - Throughout this presentations there are slides,
usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included
for three purposes.
• By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and
remember the concepts.
• By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.
• To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to
think about “what might come next” in the series of slides.
• Please feel free to contact me at [email protected] with any
questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.
Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022
Name of Concept
• Use this slide to add a concept to the
presentation
Name of Concept
Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete
this box when finished