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COMMUNICATION 2
Verbal and Nonverbal communication.
Oral and Non-Verbal Communication.
What is oral Communication?
 Oral or verbal communication is the use of any
linguistic symbols- spoken, sign, or written
language- to accomplish message goals.
Types of Oral Communication
 Face to face conversation
 Interview
 Meeting
 Oral briefing
 Public address
 Oral presentation
 Telephone call
 Conference
Advantages of Oral Communication
 Direct medium of communication
 Advantages of physical proximity
 Instant interchange of opinion, views and
attitudes.
 Instantaneous feedback
 Easier to convince or persuade
 Allows for contribution and participation from all
present
Disadvantages of Oral Communication
 More difficult to hold ground in face of opposition
 More difficult to control when a number of people
take part.
 Lack of time to think things out.
 Quality of decision making maybe inferior.
 Often no written record of what was said.
Disadvantages Continued.
 Sometimes disputes result over what was agreed.
What is written communication?
 Written communication is information conveyed
through writing.
Types of Written Communication
 Memorandum
 Report
 Abstract
 Minutes
 Article
 Press Release
 Proposal
 Letters
Advantages of Written Communication
 Provides written record
 Capable of relaying complex ideas
 Provides analysis, evaluation and summary
 Disseminates information to dispersed receivers
 Confirms, interprets and clarifies oral
communication
 Forms basis of contract or agreement
Disadvantages of Written Communication
 Can take time to produce
 Can be expensive
 Communication tends to be more formal and
distant
 Can cause problems of interpretation
 Instant feedback is not possible
 Once dispatched, difficult to modify message
Disadvantages Continued
 It does not allow for exchange of opinion, views or
attitudes except over period of time
Non-Verbal Communication: Messages
without words.
 “What you do speaks so loud that I cannot hear
what you say.”
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Definition of non verbal communication.
 Nonverbal communication refers to body
movements or vocal variations that communicate
without words.
 “Messages expressed by other than linguistic
means.” (Adler& Towne, 228)
What have you learned?
 Communication exists- there are other languages
besides words that convey messages.
 All nonverbal behaviour has communicative value.
 Nonverbal communication is primarily relationalit defines the relationship we want to have with
others.
Types of nonverbal communication.
 Non-verbal communication maybe divided into
three main areas:
 Kinesics
 Proxemics
 Para-linguistics
 Chronemics
 Haptics
Kinesics
Kinesics are the body movements we use
to communicate. Kinesic behaviours such
as leaning or pressing your index finger to
your lips to signal others to be quiet, can
regulate conversation, illustrate verbal
points, reduce anxiety and express
emotion.
Picture This!!
Examples of Kinesics
 Facial expressions- smiles, frowns, narrowed eyes
transmitting emotions;
 Gestures- pointing fingers, shakes of the head;
 Movements- quick pacing up and down, finger
drumming, leisurely strolling.
Proxemics
 This is the study of how people use space and
distance.
 Different cultures have different rules about what
distance to maintain.
Examples of Proxemics
 Physical contact- shaking hands, clapping on the
back, transmitting greetings, insistence or
friendship.
 Posture- standing straight and erect, lounging,
leaning forward, transmitting alertness and care,
self confidence, nervousness or ease.
 Positioning- keeping a respectful distance,
looking over someone's shoulder, transmitting
awareness of differing status, a close working
relationship or relaxed mutual trust.
Para- linguistics
 This involves vocal sounds other than words. It is
how you say something rather than what the words
mean. In our interactions with others vocal pitch
(highness or lowness of tone), speech rate (speed),
volume (loudness) and rhythm (timing and
emphasis) can express a variety of meanings.
Para-linguistics continued.
 For example, you present a speech to your class
and your speech is hesitant, your rate of speech is
slow, and you repeatedly use vocal interferences
such’ as “um,” “er,” “uh,” and “like, you know” to fill
some of the dead air. Your classmates may
interpret this paralanguage as insecurity or limited
knowledge of the subject matter.
Chronemics
 This is the study of how people use and perceive
time.
 Time is of great significance in North American
culture. In the United States, time equals money,
so the focus is on adherence to deadlines,
schedules, promptness, and alacrity when making
points, all facets of monochronic time.
Chronemics Continued
 From a monochronic time perspective, arriving 10
minutes late to a job interview may convey a
message to the employer that the applicant is
unreliable and may cost the company valuable
time. It is not unusual for business meetings in the
United States and England to begin exactly at the
scheduled time.
Chronemics Continued
 In many Latin American and Middle Eastern
cultures the focus is on interpersonal relationships
and a perception that everything has its own time.
In this polychronic time orientation, schedules are
not strictly observed and expectations about
arrival and departure times are less rigid. Being 20
to 30 minutes late is acceptable because the pace is
more relaxed.
Haptics
 Haptics involves touching behaviours. Touch can
communicate a wide variety of messages. If you
inadvertently bump into someone at work or
school, you may apologize and feel a bit
embarrassed because you did not intend to touch
the person and touch can imply intimacy.
Advantages of Non-verbal Communication
 Repeating- instructions can be repeated by using
non-verbal expressions, for example pointing is a
on-verbal behaviour that social scientists call
emblems- deliberate non-verbal behaviours that
have a precise meaning.
 Substituting- emblems also replace a verbal
message.
Advantages continued
 Complementing- non- verbal behaviours that
accompany and support spoken words.
 Accenting- Just as we use italics to highlight an
idea in print, we use non-verbal devices to
emphasize oral messages. Pointing an accusing
finger adds emphasis to criticism.
 Regulating- controlling the flow of verbal
messages.
Disadvantages of Non-verbal Communication
 Ambiguity- although non-verbal behaviour can be
very revealing, it can have so many possible
meanings.
 Multiple channels- unlike the spoken word,
nonverbal messages don’t arrive in a sequential
manner, instead, they bombard us simultaneously
from a multitude of channels.
 Continuous- it is continuous and never ending.
Disadvantages continued
 Contradicting- the unconscious nature of
nonverbal behaviour (smiles, frown, slumping
shoulders) might convey contradicting messages.
Let’s recap!
 What is oral and written communication?
 Do you remember the types of oral and written
communication? List five of each.