Download Guided Notes - History with Ms. Osborn

Name:____________________________________ Period:______________________Date:_________________
The Byzantine Empire, the spread of Islam, and Russia
Video Link: http://bit.ly/ByzantineIslamRus
Big Picture: After the fall of Rome, large and small kingdoms appeared in Europe – the largest of which became the
Byzantine Empire. Meanwhile, Muslim civilization developed states that touched three continents and produced some
of history’s greatest achievements in the arts and sciences.
Essential Question:
 What features characterized the Byzantine
Empire?
 How did Islamic civilization spread to
encompass such an extensive empire?
 What practices or methods were used to spread
Islam?
Golden Hawk Historians will…
 Analyze the different social, political, and
economic implications of the Byzantine Empire.
 Evaluate the success of the methods used to
spread the Islamic Empire.
The Byzantine Empire

__________________________________ became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire long after Rome fell.


It was in a position to control _____________________ between Asia and Europe.
__________________________________________________ ruler of Byzantine, dreamed of restoring the
original Roman Empire to include the Western and Eastern Roman Empires.

Sent military officials to North Africa and Italy to regain those territories to restore the Roman Empire to
its previous glory.

After a revolt that destroyed the city, Justinian rebuilt the city – the most important building was the
_______________________________________.

Justinian’s most important achievement was the establishment of the __________________________________
that reformed and simplified Roman law.

Two institutions were central to Byzantine culture – ________________________________________________
___________________________________________.

The ___________________________ was a priest-king who was considered the deputy of Jesus-Christ on earth.

The emperor had the responsibility for both ________________________________________________,
in effect, uniting the religious and civil spheres.

Most Byzantine art, architecture, and literature was based on _________________________________________
religious themes.

Most of the human subjects were saints or figures from the Bible.

Much of the art was in the form of ________________________________, pictures created with tiny
colored tiles of glass, stone, or clay fitted together and cemented in place, that decorated the floors,
walls, and ceilings of many Byzantine buildings.

In the 700s the use of art in churches deeply divided society.

The controversy was over the use of ________________, paintings or sculptures of sacred figures,
because some believed that the use of icons was too close to the worship of idols.



People who objected the usage of icons were known as ________________________________.
Emperor Leo III issued a decree forbidding the use of holy images and ordered their destruction.
Others in church objected the destruction of icons because ___________________________________________
read and imagery was helpful for teaching people about Christianity.


The _______________________, or church officials, and the Pope were pro-icons.
Over time the number of issues that divided the ____________________________________________________
churches grew.

In the east the ___________________________ oversaw church law, but did not govern the church, but
they recognized the Pope as having special importance but not as a supreme religious leader.

Byzantines placed religious authority in ______________________________ where church officials met
to settle major issues.

The differences became so large that a _________________________________, or split, occurred between the
churches in the east and west,

The church in the east became the _____________________________________________ and the
church in the west remained the ________________________________________________.

For many years, the _________________________________ had been threatening the empire and overtime
Islam, pressure from migrating tribes, and internal conflict and corruption led to the fall of the Byzantine Empire.

The ______________________________________, from the Middle East, conquered the Byzantine
army and later Constantinople fell to the attackers who renamed it _____________________________.
The Origins of Islam

___________________________ was started by a prophet named _____________________________________
______________________________________________________, also known as Muhammad, in Mecca.

Muhammad grew up a spiritual boy who constantly prayed and reflected on spiritual matters.

He reported that he got many messages from an angel who commanded him to speak revelations from
_____________________________ – God.

Muhammad shared the messages from the angel that included that Allah was the one and only true God and
instructions on how to live.

The followers of Islam became known as ___________________________________.

He recited the revelations from the angel of Allah to his followers who recorded them into the
______________________________, the sacred text of Islam.

The Qu’ran lays out the five basic acts of worship called the __________________________________________:
profession of _____________________, performance of five daily ______________________, giving of alms or
_____________________________ to the poor, ____________________________ during Ramadan, and taking
a ________________________ or pilgrimage to Mecca.

Also included in the Qu’ran is _________________________________, or “struggle for faith,” it means
the struggle to defend the Muslim community and convert others to Islam.
Islam After Muhammad’s Death

When Muhammad died he did not name a successor, although one of the earliest converts to Islam
______________________________ was chosen to be the first ___________________________, or successor.


He focused on building up strong fighting forces to unite and expand the many Muslim Bedouin tribes.
The Islamic forces defeated the Persian Empire in Iraq before turning toward the Byzantine Empire who they
defeated quickly, the _______________________________________, or area ruled by a caliph, stretched from
Northern Africa to Persia.

Tensions amongst the Islamic followers formed over whether Abu Bakr or Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, should
be caliph.

When a new caliph had to be chosen it was not Ali but Uthman supported by the strong
______________________________ clan, however, they were unpopular and Uthman was assassinated
and Ali became caliph.

However, it was not long before Ali was killed and the Umayyad’s retook power, those who accepted
the Umayyads became known as __________________________, while Ali’s supporters became known
as the _________________________.
The Spread of Islam

Under the Umayyad caliphs, Muslim rule spread before internal problems led to their fall.

Umayyad’s strengthened their control by establishing __________________________ as the official language
and making _______________________________ uniform throughout the empire.

During their rule they constructed the most famous work of Islamic architecture
____________________________________________________________ in Jerusalem.

Muslim armies conquered territories from ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.

The conquests spread the Muslim faith and many of the conquered people ________________________
to Islam.

Islam generally allowed ____________________________________________, especially for Christians
and Jews, however, they did have to _____________________________________.

The Umayyad’s strengthened the central government, however, Arab Muslims became the ruling class which
went against Muslim ideas of _______________________________________.

The Shia, opposition to the Sunni Umayyad empire, led by the Abbasids united many of the Umayyad
opponents believing that they would lead to a return to _______________________________________.

The __________________________________ emerged and moved the capitol of the Islamic Empire to Baghdad.

Under the Umayyad’s Islam had primarily been appealing to Arabs but the Abbasid’s invited all peoples
to join.

They primarily spread Islam through _____________________________ which allowed Islam to spread
as far as West Africa and Southeast Asia.

Muslim empires were threatened by Christian armies who waged a war against Islam hoping to make the land
they occupied Christian, the wars became known as the ____________________________________________.

Amongst the peoples of the caliphate were many non-Arabs including the _____________________________,
who were Sunni Muslims.


They rose to power and took control of Baghdad.

After defeating the Abbasid’s they went on to defeat the Byzantines and create their own empire.
The remaining parts of the caliphate was attacked by the Mongols from Asia that destroyed the city and killed
the Abbasid caliph.

While the Islamic empire was over, the impact of Islam spread well beyond the Middle East into Africa, Spain,
and Southeast Asia.
Islamic Society and Academic Achievement

Society

Islamic texts provided ________________________________ on how Muslims should deal with many
issues including family life and the economy.

The _______________________ was the main social unit in Muslim society with the man at the head of
the family.


Men could have ___________________________________ only if they treated them all equally.

Laws sought to protect the rights of ________________________________________________.
Economic life of the Muslim community was built largely on ______________________________.

Muslim traders expanded trade through the use of __________________________________,
standardized weights and measures, as well as the use of credit

Academic Achievement

Most of the learning took place in Baghdad where scholars learned from texts created by
____________________________________________________________________________________.

They made _____________________ translations that eventually made their way to
_______________________________.

One of the main fields Muslim scholars explored was ________________________________________
and they built large observatories to watch the sky.

Muslims perfected the __________________________________, an instrument for finding the
positions and movements of stars and planets that assisted with
___________________________________________.

Muslim doctors had to pass __________________ in order to be able to practice.

Their most significant achievements were in the fields of _______________________________.
Islamic Art, Architecture, and Literature

Islamic Art and Architecture

Most Muslim art was in the form wood, metal, ceramics, and textiles.

They believed human or animal figures would lead to ________________________________.

They used __________________________________________________ and floral designs.

__________________________, beautifully designed writing, was used to produce copies of the Qu’ran.

Muslim architecture usually featured ______________________________, tall towers from which
Muslims were called to prayer, and domes.

Muslim Literature

The most significant piece of Muslim literature is the ______________________________.

One of the most famous works was the ______________________________ that tells how a beautiful
young woman saved herself and other women from a murderous caliph by withholding the end of her
story.

The stories were collected over time and many different cultures.

Many of the stories still appear in movies and other forms of popular literature.
Russia

The __________________ were hunter-gatherers that inhabited modern day Russia and the Ukraine.

The record has it that they were primarily fighting amongst themselves before receiving help from
northern Europeans called the __________________.

The Rus brought order to the Slav’s and united the entire region that became known as Kiev.


The Rus defeated the Byzantines at Constantinople.
The Slavs practiced a native __________________________________ religion based on nature, but after the
attack at Constantinople two Greek monks travel to the Slavic region to convert the Slavs to
___________________________________________.

They developed a written alphabet for the Slavonic language based primarily on the Greek alphabet
called ____________________________________________________.

___________________________________ was baptized as a Christian and married the sister of a Byzantine
emperor giving him a political advantage with the Byzantine Empire.

Vladimir spread ________________________________ throughout Russia.

After the schism Russia joined with the __________________________________ in Constantinople. The
Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, swept across Asia creating an immense empire.

The __________________________ defeated the Rus but left the church intact.