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Mesopotamia
1. Topography
• also known as fertile
crescent
• land between two rivers:
Tigris and Euphrates
• near Zagros mountains,
Anatolia and the Assyrian
dessert, and Al Jariza desert
belt
• fertile alluvial soil
• rivers serve as
transportation
• flood caused by the silt
layer in rivers
• massive irrigation and flood
control system
2. Climate
• no rainfall within 8 months
• dry desert climate
• temperature - July – 43 C
January – below freezing
• precipitation – high rainfall
causing rainfed agriculture
3. People
• Semitic people
• Crowded in Nineveh, Sumer
and Akkad
4. Resources
• Lacks natural resources
• Abundant water
Sumer (3200 - 2000 BCE)
Political
Leadership:
1. From Sumer to Chaldeans, a sociopolitical structure emerged in the
society in a gradual manner – classes
in society
2. The leader or ruler gets hold of
power through the use of forces or
victories in battles – ruler
qualifications are based on physical
attributes/strength
3. Common allusion to supra being as
the origin of human powers –
(political activities and cities centered
on temples/ziggurats)
4. There are different capitals in
different periods however, the
capital serves as the seat of
government
Laws:
1. The common origin of laws is the
natural law: Do good, avoid evil
2. The goal of jurisprudence is simply to
maintain peace and harmony
Warfare:
1. Conquests and battles are means of
affirming power and ascendancy
2. The degree of aggression varies
3. Warfare technology developed
through time
1. Founder: Ubadians
2. Major Cities:
A. Adab
B. Eridu
C. Isin
D. Kish
Economic
Socio-Cultural
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Euphrates- life line
Tigris – vast flowing
Less violent floods occur
Irrigation system
Dikes, canals
Establishment of agriculture
Depend mainly on wheat and
barley
Economic System
1. Sumer to Chaldeans –
Communal economis system
2. All economic activities
converge into the maximum
use of natural resources
3. There is a gradual transition
from rudimentary use of
natural resources to a complex
use of technology in obtaining
maximum gains Ex. Irrigation
to desalinization to crop
rotation
4. Economic expansion is an
indispensable means to
sustain economic stability
5. Aggression is a common
alternative for economic
expansion
6. The economic focus or means
vary from one period to
another
- Barley, wheat, onion,, garlic, lettuce
- Cattle, sheep, goats and pigs
- Transportation-oxen and donkeys for
trade
- Hunt fish gazelle and fowl
- Agriculture depended mainly on
1. The most prominent
contribution of the whole
civilization of
Mesopotamia are the
writing system,
duodecimal system, and
other Mathematic
functions
2. There are different literary
forms under different
periods
3. Allusion to supra being is
common to literary works
of different periods
4. Belief in a higher being is
perceptible in the peoples
way of life
5. Dominant passions of the
rulers of the different
periods are apparent in art
works
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Anthromorphic Gods
Divine unity and Divine
omnipotence
Cuneiform
Proverbs, hymns, myths
Ziggurats – temples
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Amorites ( 2000 - 1000 BCE)
E. Kullab
F. Lagash
G. Larsa
H. Nippur
I. Ur
J. Uruk
Government
A. Ruled by a priestly governor
or king
B. Templed cities with about
10,000 population
C. Priests are highly regarded
D. Start of slave labor
Structure
A. Specialists
B. Free farmers
C. Slaves
Law
A. Lex taleonis – exact revenge
B. People are3 not equal under
law
Warfare
A. war chariots using wheels
Fall
A. was conquered by Sargon
the Great
B. Capital was transferred to
Agade
C. Sumeria disintegrated
1. Founder - Hammurabi
2. Capital – Babylon
3. Government
A. Monarchy
B. Centralized government
4. Law
A. Hammurabi code – first
written law
5. Fall
A. Some of the cities began to seek
independence
B. Kassite invasion
irrigation
- Used wheels (from Potter’s
wheels)for transportation
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Planted barley rather than
wheat
Crop rotation
Sailboat
Duodecimal System
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Lunar calendar
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Semitic Language
Epic of Gilgamesh
Temples
Water clocks
Sailboats
C. Decline in power and territory
D. Carried off to Anatolia
Kassites and Hittites
( 1600 - 1300 BCE)
Dark age of Mesopotamia
Kassites
1. Lacked dynamic Leadership as well as
cultural unity
2. First to put light chariot at its best
Hittites
1. Capital: Hattussa
2. centralized government
Defense against invaders of northern
Mesopotamia
Assyrians (1300 – 612BCE)
Chaldeans ( 612 – 539BCE)
India
1. Topography
• South India – plateau
• North India – plain
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Establish trade and diplomacy
Egypt Assyria
Cattle and sheep
Iron copper zinc
Iron age – Fe was very
important
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Ashurism – worship of Asur,
the Assyrian God
Rock carvings
Writing in parchment or
leather
Palace without a rival
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Abrahamic religions
Dream interpretation
Embroideries and rugs
Gen cutting
Buildings with buttresses
Ishtar gate
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Phonetic system of writing
1. Capital – Nineveh
2. Government
A. Centered on Assur
B. There are small provinces
C. Landholding classes consisted of
military commanders
3. law
A. Lex taleonis
4. Warfare – chariot warfare, use of
iron
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No Salinization cause they
were in the northern part of
Tigris
Aqueducts
Trade routes
Expansion
1.
2.
3.
4.
A.
B.
C.
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Plow and sickle
Archimedes screw
Founder – King Nebuchadnezzar ii
Capital – Babylon
Government – centralized
Structure:
Amelu - elite
Mushkenu - landless
Ardu - slave
Political
Leadership:
1. From Indo-Aryan to Hindu-Islamic
Civilization religion is inseparable
Economic
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trade
North Himalayas – choke
points
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Kuduru Steles – used in
marking the boundaries or in
making proclamations
Sculptures
Socio-Cultural
1. Religion is underlying
foundation of all cultural
practices from Indo-Aryan
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Deccan Plateau
Himalayan Mountains
Bay of Bengal
Rivers – Indus river, Ganges
river
2. Climate
• Hot due to Deccan Plateau
• Cold in the Himalayan
mountains
3. Resources
• Oil
• Fertile soil
• Mineral resources
4. People
• Mohenjo daro
• Indo Aryans
• White huns
Vedic Period
from political practices
2. Politico-religioso (duo political and
religious) leadership is the pervading
practice during these periods
3. Knowledge of sacred texts is a prerequisite to be a ruler
4. Religious affiliations of rulers affect
political philosophy and practices
Laws:
1. Origin of laws are traced from deities
2. Laws can be a conglomeration of
religious doctrines, cults, practices,
observances and institutional beliefs
and values
Warfare:
1. Conquests and battles are means of
affirming power and ascendancy
2. The degree of aggression varies
3. Warfare technology developed
through time
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
Indo Gangetic plains – 3300 – 1300 BCE
THE TWO MAJOR CITIES
Mohenjo daro(3300 – 1300BCE), Harappan
city
1. a priest king is believed to have ruled
alongside a bureaucracy
2.Heavilydefended – north
Invaders from outer India would come
3.Weapons –bronze and copper
VEDIC CIVILIZATION
Reason behind the coming of the Indo
Aryans:
1. diminishing grazing lands of Central Asia
causing the migration of the Indo Aryans to
India
Indo Aryans:
1. Semi – nomadic pastoral people
• Water – limited area for ports
• Went around Himalayas
Economic System
1. Started with a communal
economy to a market
economy by the Hindu-Islamic
civilizations
2. Centered on agriculture and
weaving. Economic trading
and metallurgy are also
explored and developed
3. The caste system affects the
economy of India as a whole
and the individual economic
feasibility
4. Religious beliefs and practices
impact as well the economy
5. Aggression as a means of
economic expansion is also
visible in the economic history
of the country
to Hindu-Islamic civilization
2. Hinduism and Islam are
two irreconcilable religions
3. Literary works, arts, and
architecture are
extensively and intensively
influence by religions
4. The caste system is the
distinctive feature of
India’s socio-cultural
structure
- Indus river – rich soil - water and land
from Himalayas
- irrigation for agriculture
- Indigenous products: cotton wheat
and barley
- Mohenjo daro – trade cities based on
Harappa
- Built streets, irrigation system:
Underground irrigation
- Writing – official notes, business
- Bronze age
- Pastoral community – sheep cow
- Farm – because they came from
central Asia, there were little grazing
lands in Asia
- crops: Wheat, barley, horses, cows
- Jobs: Barters, boatmen, potters,
butchers
- Barter: Gold for other porducts
Religion
• Incorporating myths and
essentially mechanical and
contractual in operation.
• No temples
• Mainly sacrifices
• Soma – beverage from a
mountain plant
• Gods were considered to
be powerful creatures with
human like attributes but
are immortal as long as
they drank soma
• Divinities were identified
to sky, sun etc
• Indra – most famous –
slain serpent – created
lightning
2. Known for military superiority
3. Rajan system
Mode of government was
Aristocratic Republic – hereditary
form of government wherein the
rulers come from the family of the
raja
Structure
Raja –king
Purohita – priest king, invokes blessing
Senani – warlord
Gramani – village leader
4. Male dominated society
5. The caste system eventually replaced
the Rajan System
- a strict political and social hierarchy
Brahman – priest
Kshatriya – warrior
Vaishya – merchant
Shudra - servant
The Vedas – priest’s guidelines
Brahmanas- rules law
Vedas Purunas – epics of India –
Mahabharata – Kurukshetra war
Bet indo Aryan period
8 years
Heroes, demons and angels
Depicted govt system
Dynasties
OTHER EVENTS
1.Nanda empire – 327 BC – 322 BC
Founder: Mahapadmananda
Last ruler: Dhanananda
2.Invasion of Alexander the great – 327 BC
- Ironage
Mauryan empire
- River based trade of goods
- Coinage from barter
- Arthasantra- Mauryan coin
- science of trade
- internal currency
Gupta Empire
-Centralized coinage
Philosophy:
• Buddhism
• Dharma and Karma
• Rebirth of souls
• Reach nirvana
• only matter exists and
denied the existence of
soul
• The root of suffering is
desire
• Direct energy outwards
• Hinayana-lesser vehicle –
individual
• Mahayana-greater vehicle
– redemption of whole
human race
• Jainism/ Ahimsa –
Mahavira – atheism –
peace, not war, antiviolence
• Comprised of monks
• With prayers scriptures
and sacred beings
• Imposed taboos against
the slaughter of animals
Arts and Letters
• Metalwork
• Music – flutes drums
cymbals lutes harps
• Dancing
• Dice gambling
• Sanskrit -language
• Four Vedas – hymns,
prayers and incantations
• Heroic age – Mahabharata
and Ramayana
Architecture
• Drainage systems and
public baths
• Dwelling for animals
Due to this invasion, they realized the need
for political unity.
3.Mauryan empire – 1320 - 184 BC
Founder : Chandragupta (conquered Nanda
empire)
A. The empire expansion reached the Deccan
Plate.
B. Ashoka the great invaded Kalinga province
C. Mauryan structure of Government
The first empire to unite most of the
subcontinent.
a. introduction of a centralized system of
government
b. division of land into provinces
c. utilization of spice and powerful armies
ended by white Huns
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Chaitya Hall (place of
worship), the Vihara
(monastery) and the Stupa
(hemispherical mound for
worship/ memory)
Granite temple panels
4.Gupta empire 206 – 220CE
“classical period of India”
Golden age of India
A. Sustained strong bureaucracy,
military and centralized form of
government
B. Warfare – use of iron and war
elephants
Hindu islamic
• Islam arrives in southeast Asia
DELHI SULTANATE
Muhammad Ghur founds Muslim rule in India
MUGHAL EMPIRE 1526-1707BCE
A. Founder: Babur
B. Government – introduction of
sultanate
Hindu Islamic Structure
C. Laws – Q’uranic influences
D. Successors of Babur
( with remarkable contributions )
• Akbar-expansion to 12
provinces, united the south
• Shah Jahan – Taj Mahal
• Aurangzeb – Annexed to the
Delhi Sultanate
- Agrarian reforms market control
- Experimental economics
- Gambling
Mughal period
- distribution of gold and silver to
people
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Hinduism
Vishnu – the preserver
Shiva - the destroyer
Krishna – loving god
Gita religion
Sikhism – Hinduism + Islam
– truth good – Guru Nanak
Belief in Dharma
Sanskrit literature
pertaining to nature
Arabian nights
Dravidian style temple
Indo Aryan style temples
Laughing boy sculpture
Buddha
Muslim king - decline of
Mughal empire
China
Politics
Economics
Political philosophy
• Largest economy for most
1. Mandate of heaven
recorded history
-Chinese political belief that started during the Economic System
Zhou dynasty that emperors received the right
1. Communal system
to rule from heaven and therefore people owe
2. They introduced enormous
the ruler complete loyalty and allegiance
economic activities from Qin
-War, flood and famine were considered as
to Quing(bronze casting and
signs
that
the
ruler
had
lost
the
mandate
of
cowrie shells as money,
2.Climate
unified currency system, silk
• Controlled by monsoon winds heaven
-The
foundation
or
origin
and
cessation
of
route, standardized weights
• Varied in different areas
powers of rulers
and measures, paper, road
2.
Dynastic
Cycle
systems, gunpowder, canals,
3. Resources
A. A new ruler emerges and unites the
printing, agriculture,
• Water
pharmacy, etc.)
people
and
found
new
dynasty
• Fertile soil
3.
Unified and sophisticated
B.
The
kingdom
achieves
prosperity
and
a
• Silk
marketing system
new golden age
4.
Economic sustainability and
C. The dynasty begins to decay and the
population
emperor declines
D. The dynasty loses the mandate of
heaven
3. Zhongguo – believed to be the center
of the world – Middle Kingdom
4. Philosophical thoughts or principles
influence style and manner of ruling
China under different dynasties
(Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism)
5. Chinese territorial pressure and
sinicizing of conquerors as in the case
of the (Mongol-Yuan 1279-1368CE,
and the Manchus-Quing
1644-1911CE)
6. Continuity
- Bureaucratic structure
- Political unification and
reunification
1.Topography
• Rivers – yellow and Yangtze
• East – alluvial plains
• North – inner plateau
• South – mountain ranges
• West – mountain ranges
Socio-Cultural
1. Ancestor Worship and Cult
of Manorial land
2. The Schools of thought:
Confucianism, Daoism, and
Legalism
3. Social Classes:
Gentry(intellectuals and
scholars), Peasant(land
workers and laborers),
Merchants(sellers)
4. Social Mobility
5. Relationships – ex. Ruler
and ruled, father and son,
etc.
6. Family life and Values –
respect for elders,
extended family, filial piety
7. Literature, arts,
architecture are influenced
by religious beliefs and
practices
8. Sinicizing of conquerors
9. Cultural influences: Japan,
Korea, SEA
10. Chinese resiliency and
adaptability
Shang 1750 – 1100 BCE
Confucian Classes
Economic policies
1. Capital: Luoyang
2. Founder: Tang
3. Structure:
A. Wang - king
-descendant of god
-crossover to the supernatural
-divine figure
-link between spiritual ancestors and the
human world
-political and religious dictatorship centered
on Wang
-everything is owned by Wang
B. Slaves
-believed to have no souls thus used for
sacrifices
4. Hereditary aristocracy
5.Oracles – prophecies used for decision
6.Fall of Shang dynasty
- the last Shang king was cruel
-there was chronic warfare
-strained resources and demands of royal
display led to slave revolts led by the Shang
vassal domain, the Zhou
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Large scale production of
bronze vessels and weapons
Need of large labor
That would handle mining,
refining, and transportation –
blue collar workers
Fishing –two rivers
Porcelain wares
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metalworking
Horse drawn chariots
Bronze
Pictographic writing
Calendar – oracle bone
inscriptions
60 day cycle with 10 days per
week
Shamans - Human sacrifice
Zhou ( 1100 - 226BCE)
1. Capital: Wei Valley
2. Founder: Ji Chiang or Zhou Wenwang
3.Mandate of heaven
4. Western Zhou
A.Capital – Xian ( Changan)
B.Contributions
-extended authority of state to Manchuria
and Yangtze Valley
5.Eastern Zhou
A. Capital: Luoyang
B. Contributions:
-hundreds schools of thought
5. Structure
A. Wang – King
B. Nobles
C. Slaves
6.Government System
-hierarchical aristocracy
-Centralized government officials had no
salary but were given gifts by the king
7. Fall of Wang
-Noble overpowered the Wang
-China was separated into seven provinces
Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, Qin
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Qin ( 220 – 206BCE)
FIRST EMPIRE
1.Capital:
2.Founder: Shi Huang Di ( Yin Zheng)– first
emperor
3. Unification of China
-emperor Shi Huang Di conquered the
warring states
-united the northern China and the Yangtze
Valley
4.Government System
A. Centralized non hereditary government
B. Army – made up of nobles, cavalry
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Crop: Millet, wheat, rice, some
fruits
Bronze – weapons and farming
tools
Hydraulic engineering –
agricultural irrigation, ways of
furrowing advanced
Eastern
Iron tools were adopted
Plows were introduced
Silk road – silk for high price
Zhou coin holes to keep on
string
During spring and autumn Crop rotation
Bronze was scarcely used for
agricultural tools
Iron thought to be an inferior
metal
Industrial production of
ceramics
Woven textiles
Warring states
Inter state trade, isolated
inside state
Systematized tax system
Professionalized military
Many mines
Carburization – discovered
steel
Common system for money
and measurement – help
during construction
Emperor was so rich –
terracotta army
Qin coin
Magic canal – linking Huang
He to Yangtze
Building project
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Confucianism
- Founder - Confucius
Legalism
- Founder – Han Fei Zi
Daoism
- Founder – Lao Zi
Worship of nature and spirits
– sacrifices
Tying of hair of girls
Bells
Mirrors
Totemic figures of animals and
monsters
Paintings on silk
kites
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Terra cotta army
Legalist empire
Unified system of writing
Standardized measurements
Great wall of chins
Emperor’s mausoleum
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C. Based on a Legalist philosophy
Founder: Han Fei Zi
-people were not equal under law
5.Socio- political structure
A. Scholars
B. Soldiers
C. Farmers
D. Merchant
E. Slave
F. Eunuch - castrated male servants
6. Aversion and Brutality against
Confucianism
A. Confucian writings were burned and B.
Confucians were buried alive
C. Weapons were stored in the capital
7. Great wall
8.Fall of Qin Dynasty
-Shi Huang Di searched for immortality
-Elixir of life made of mercury
-Shi Huang Di died due to poisoning
-His will was forged
-Fu shu commit suicide
Huhai –killed his siblings
Became puppet of zhougao
Ziying killed zhao gao and surrendered to Liu
bang
Han
( 206BCE – 220CE)
1. Capital:
2.Founder: Liu bang – rebel
3.Structure: Two cabinets
A. High Cabinet - 3 lords 9 ministers
B. Lower Cabinet – prefectures and the Xian
4. Dragons were used as icons for the ranks
A. Five-clawed dragon – emperor & higher
officials
B. Four – three clawed dragon – lower ranks
5. Government
A. Adopted Qin government
B. Converted to Taoism
C. Centered on Confucianism
D. Retained some legalist principles
E. Meritocracy instead of lineage
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Taxes were lowered 1/30 of
the harvest
Larbor corvee was reduced to
once every three years and be
avoided by paying tax
Taxes of merchants to 40
Salt and iron
Oxen and horses as draught
animals
Ploughs and s\owing
equipments
Irriation projects were crucial
for agriculture
Canals that connects large
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Family as an immortal entity
Confucianism, Buddhism and
Daoism
Palace lamps
Tomb figurines
Chemical warfare
Han poetry
Trade of silk to ivory and
incense
6.Expansion - owned biggest china
7.Started the silk road making china business
oriented
8.Emperor Han Wu Ti
A. imposed taxes on merchants
B. State collection of grain
9.Coming of semi nomadic barbarians under
leader Hsiung Nu
A. women were used as gifts
10. Fall of western Han : under emperor
Wang Mang
A. Establishment of private estates
B. Alienated the rich
C. Wang Mang was murdered
11. Han in Louyang
A. Peace was established
B. Invaded Mongolia and pacified Sinkiang
12. Fall of Eastern Han
A. peasant revolts
B.Palace intrigues
C. Generals became rival warlords
D. Emperor was murdered
E. North disintegrates resulting to rival states
13.Contributions
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rivers
Silk used as currency and
tribute to nomad people of
the northwestern steppe
Lacquer
Barbarian slaves were traded
A. paper
B.l acquer
C. ships
D. historiography
E. Modern Horse collar
Sui
(586 – 618CE)
1.Capital: Wei Valley – Chang’an
2. Founder: Yang Jian
3. Structure
A.3 departments of Sheng – like executive
legislative and judiciary
B.6 ministries Bu– finance military etc.
4. Government
Confucian examination test for officials
5.Contributions
A. Roads
B. Grand Canal – Hang Chan to Yangtze delta
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Agriculture acreage – greater
crop yield
Juntian and Zutiao system
were carried out
Grand canal from north to
south
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Hunting
Game of polo
Women statue raised
Revived Confucianism
C. reconquered Vietnam, Sinkiang and
Mongolia
5.Fall
A.large scale wars against people of korea
B.ncreased tax , lost support of the emperor
C.Coup was led
D.Emperor was assassinated
Tang
(618 -907CE)
Second golden age
1.Capital: Chang’an
2.Founder: Tai Tsung
3. Structure:
A.3 departments of Sheng – like executive
legislative and judiaciary
B.6 ministries bu– finance military etc.
4.Government
A. Imperial service and exams were
reestablished
5.Expansion
A. Korea
B. South Manchuria
C. North Vietnam
6. First Empress – Empress Wu
Enlightened one – Ming Huang
A. Witnessed a golden age in Chinese
literature and fine arts
Contributions:
A. Woodblock printing
B. Glazed ceramics
C. Tea
7. Fall
A. The massive An Shi rebellion lead to
tributary kingdoms and kingdoms broke away
from Chinese rule
B.9th century – partial recovery
C. Establishment of 10 independent states
8. Li Bo
9. Sima Quian
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Silversmithing
Islamic world demand for silk
lacquerware and
porcelainware went higher
They used culture for
economy
Lots of money was wasted
Monopoly of salt
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Literature
Painting
Polygamy of emperor
Wood block printing
Tea
Gunpowder
Silk route
SOC SCI LONG TEST ANSWERS
I. Answer the questions. If the country is specified in
parenthesis, write the period.
II. Shake your timeline!
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
1. Sumerian writing - Cuneiform
2. First emperor of China - Shi Huangdi
3. Strict social system in India - caste system
4. China as Middle Kingdom - Zhongguo
5. Sumerian temple - ziggurat
6. Eye for an eye; buyer beware - Code of Hammurabi
7. duo-decimal system (Mesopotamia) - Amorites
8. Legalist dynasty (China) - Qin
9. Art depicting violence (Mesopotamia) - Assyrians
10. Silk road (China) - Han
11. Hanging Gardens of Babylon (Mesopotamia) - New Babylonians
12. 3 schools of thought (China) - Zhou
13. founder of Gupta dynasty - Chandragupta
14. one who ordered to build Taj Mahal - Sha Jahan/Sha Jehan
15. founder of Legalism - Han Fei Zi
16. founder of Jainism - Mahavira
17. Magic Canal (China) - Qin
18. Grand Canal (China) - Sui
19. Centralized coinage (India) - Gupta
20. printing press (China) - Tang
21. founder of Daoism / Taoism - Lao Tzi
22. Bronze Age (India) - Vedic
23. doctrine of nonviolence - Jainism
24. oracle bones (China) - Shang
25. desalinization (Mesopotamia) - Amorites
II. People vs Period
....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................
Mohenjo Daro - India (3300-1300 BCE)
Sumerians - Mesopotamia (3200-2000 BCE)
Amorites - Mesopotamia (2000-1600 BCE)
Shang - China (1750-1100 BCE)
Kassites and Hittites - Mesopotamia (1600-1300 BCE)
Assyrians - Mesopotamia (1300-612 BCE)
Zhou - China (1100-256 BCE)
New Babylonians - Mesopotamia (612-539 BCE)
Maurya - India (320-184 BCE)
Qin - China (221-207 BCE)
Han - China (206 BCE - 220 CE)
Gupta - India (240-550 AD)
Sui - China (589-618 AD)
Tang - China (618-907 AD)
Mughal - India (1526-1858)
Sargon the Great (Conqueror of Akkad and
Sumer) - Sumerians
Babur (established Mughal Empire) Mughal
Hammurabi (founder of Amorites) Amorites
Confucius (founder of Confucianism) - Zhou
Liu Bang (prince who overthrew Qin
dynasty) - Han
Xi Mia Qian (historian) - Han
Guru Nanak (Sikhism founder) - Mughal
Ashoka (royal patron of Buddhism) Maurya
Wu Ti (emperor) - Han
Li Po (poet) - Tang
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