Download Effectiveness of an e-Learning Program for Probation Officers

Center for Advancing Correctional Excellence, ACE!
Department of Criminology, Law & Society
George Mason University
Amy Murphy, MPP
Faye Taxman, Ph.D.
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Systemic Responsivity
Refers to having an array of programming
available in a given jurisdiction that matches the
risk-need profile of the individual offenders
(Taxman, 2014)
Are the programs and services suitable given the
probationer profiles?
Does the programming include services to
stabilize the person in the community (e.g.
mental health, housing, food, employment, etc.)
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Responding to Risk and Needs
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Clarifying the “Silver Bullet” Myth
• Substance dependence is equivalent to criminal
lifestyle/thinking errors in terms of affecting
recidivism
▫ Effective programs for substance dependence exist
▫ Co-morbid criminal thinking may be addressed through
positive reinforcers to shape decisions
• Risk level and unmet criminogenic needs should
drive who receives programming
▫ Prioritize high-need (both criminogenic and
noncriminogenic) people for programming to improve
supervision performance
▫ Risk level can drive supervision level, but type/severity
of criminogenic need(s) should drive programming
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Challenges to Prioritizing Needs
• Many APD clients present with multiple
dynamic needs--substance abuse, criminal
peers, lack of employment.
• Temptation is to address the “easier” issues,
such as completing GED, or place clients in
places with available slots.
• Programming for life skills is much less
expensive than drug treatment.
• Client preference may be to focus on jobseeking, etc.
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What’s Wrong with that Approach?
• It is critical to determine what is driving the
individual’s criminal behavior and address those
drivers
• Employment and education are not directly tied
to repeated criminal behavior
• Clients who have more serious needs like
substance dependence and homelessness may
not be ready to engage in vocational classes or
hold a job, so addressing SUD and criminal
thinking must come first
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Hierarchy of Dynamic Needs
Criminogenic Needs
Destabilizers/Stabilizers
• Criminal Thinking
• Substance Dependence
• Mental Health
• Substance Abuse
• Antisocial Peers/Family
• Low Self-Control
• Antisocial Values
•
•
•
•
Employment
Education
Housing
Family Dysfunction
Together these dynamic factors influence the ideal level of
care under the RNR model
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Substance Abuse vs. Dependence
• Drug use is prevalent among criminal justiceinvolved individuals everywhere…but does
everyone need treatment?
▫ Substance Dependence: A pattern of harmful
use of any substance for mood-altering
purposes. Prevalence in APD clients: 20%
▫ Substance Abuse: Use of mood-altering
substances often tied to lifestyle/peer issues.
Prevalence in APD clients: 53%
• With limited resources, dependent individuals
should be the priority.
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Criminal Thinking/Antisocial
Cognitions
• Criminal thinking is an important
dynamic risk factor that is often
overlooked
▫ A pattern of thinking that rationalizes and
supports criminal behavior
▫ Should be assessed using a validated
instrument
▫ Can be treated with cognitive-behavior
interventions
▫ Prevalence among APD clients: 56%
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Other Needs
Clinical Factors
Criminogenic
Needs
Snapshot of Probationers’
Major Needs
Crim. Thinking
56%
Drug Dep.
20%
Mental Health
36%
Drug Abuse
53%
Housing
57%
Crim. Peers
54%
0%
20%
40%
60%
(source: COMPAS Overall Sample, n=4,474)
80%
100%
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Comparison of Needs
Employment
Domestic Violence
MH
Homelessness
Youthful
Female
AB109
Crml Thinking
Drug Abuse
Red Bar=Average
for that Need
Drug Dependence
0
20
40
60
80
100
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APD Estimated Responsivity Gap
• Greatest unfulfilled needs are cognitive
restructuring programs, mental health, cooccurring disorders, and substance abuse
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Responsivity Gap in Cognitive
Restructuring Programming (Criminal
Thinking)
Domestic Violence
Green Bar= Available
Programming for
General Population
39
Mental Health
66
Homelessness
55
Young Adults
61
Female
Red Bar=Need for
Programming
among General
Population
19
AB109
65
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
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Responsivity Gaps in Substance
Dependence Programming
AB109
21
Female
Green Bar= Available
Programming for
General Population
23
Young Adults
10
Homeless
29
Mental Health
29
Domestic Violence
Red Bar=Need for
Programming
among General
Population
11
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
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Responsivity Gap in Self-Management
Programming (Drug Abuse, CoOccurring Disorder)
Domestic Violence
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Mental Health
5
Homelessness
Green Bar= Available
Programming for
General Population
Red Bar=Need for
Programming
among General
Population
10
Young Adults
17
Female
19
AB109
8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
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Multiple Programming Needs among
those with Criminal
Thinking/Restructuring Need
• 56% have criminal thinking plus:
▫
▫
▫
▫
41% are high risk; 22% are moderate risk
53% are substance abusers too
36% have mental health needs
37% have few (0-2) stabilizing factors
 Stabilizing factors can include 30+ hours
employment, high school diploma, supportive
family, housing stability
• Greatest unmet programming need
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Multiple Programming Needs among
those with Substance Dependence
• 20% of General Population has
Dependence plus:
▫ 42% are high-risk; 32% are moderate-risk
▫ 37% have mental health disorder
▫ 38% have few (0-2) stabilizing factors
▫ About 40% of those in need of SUD
programming need other services and high
dosage programming
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Multiple Programming Needs
among those with Substance Abuse
• 53% abuse drugs (do not meet criteria for
dependence) plus:
▫
▫
▫
▫
42% are high risk; 22% are moderate risk
37% have a mental health diagnosis
56% exhibit criminal thinking
38% have few (0-2) stabilizing factors
• Nearly 50% need programming for other
criminogenic needs
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Conclusions and Recommendations
• High-need clients need greater intensity of treatment.
Front-load services to target clients during the first 3060 days post-release.
• Integrate “criminal thinking” programming and ensure
that TAY services are responsive to youth needs.
• Ensure that probation officer and treatment providers
understand common goals and reinforce each other.
• Provide female-only substance abuse programming that
incorporates trauma-informed curriculum.
• Provide additional training to CASC and DPOs on
reward-sanctions grid and track whether it is being
followed.
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Questions and Next Steps
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www.gmuace.org/tools