Download Section 12.3 Gathering Weather Data

Chapter 12 Meteorology
Name________________________Period_____
Objectives
1. I can compare & contrast weather and climate.
2. I can analyze how imbalances in the heating of Earth’s surface create weather. This means I can:
a. Describe the angle and effect of solar radiation hitting different areas of the earth.
b. Explain why the temperature of the various regions of the earth remain relatively constant.
3. I can describe how and where air masses form. This means I can:
a. Define air mass.
b. Tell the relative temperature, humidity and source location of mP, mT, cP, and cT air
masses.
c. Understand which air masses are usually associated with regions of the U.S.
d. Describe air mass modification as a given air mass moves across a given location.
4. I can define Coriolis Effect, explain its cause and describe its effect on global air movement.
5. I can compare and contrast the three main global wind systems. This means I can:
a. Describe each system’s wind direction.
b. List the latitude boundaries of each.
c. Describe the direction of air flow (sink or rise) at each latitude boundary.
d. Know which wind system is associated with doldrums and horse latitudes.
e. Describe where jet streams are located, and why they are located there.
6. I can identify the four main types of fronts. This means I can:
a. Identify types of fronts and direction of front movement based on map symbols.
b. Identify the type of front based on temperature differences between the two colliding
masses.
c. Identify the type of front based on which the temperature of the air mass which is “on the
move”.
d. Contrast the speed of air rising, type of clouds formed, severity and length of precipitation
usually associated with each.
7. I can compare and contrast high and low pressure systems. This means I can:
a. Describe the usual weather or cloud cover with each.
b. Contrast them according to air rising/sinking, moving in/out of the center, and direction of
rotation.
c. List examples of wave cyclones.
8. Recognize the importance of accurate weather data. This means I can describe the use of each of
the following instruments: anemometer, barometer, ceilometers, hygrometer, radiosonde,
thermometer, wind sock.
9. I can describe the technology used to collect weather data. This means I can
a. Contrast the uses of radiosondes, weather satellites, weather radar, Doppler radar.
b. Contrast the advantages and disadvantages of infrared vs. visible light satellite imagery.
c. Know which are used primarily to track precipitation, to track clouds, to determine both
precipitation and speed, or to gather upper level data through the use of several sensors.
10. I can analyze a basic surface weather chart. This means I can:
a. Determine the wind direction and relative speed based on isobar spacing and numbers.
b. Describe the weather at a specific city using the station model symbols when given a key.
11. I can distinguish contrast long vs. short term forecasts and explain which is more accurate.
12. I can define and use the following additional miscellaneous terms: isopleths, isotherm, isobar
Section 12.1 – The Causes of Weather
1. Meteorology is the study of atmospheric phenomena
2. Weather is the ______________________________ state of the atmosphere
3. Climate is the _______________________________ variation in weather for a particular area
(Averaged over _____ years)
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How does the sun give energy to the earth? Sun’s angle vs warmth
1. The sun heats _________________________ (radiation)
2. The tropics have ___________________________ concentrated & intense rays making the
tropics __________________
3. The poles have a________ angle and ____________intense rays
a. The poles receive the same amount of energy as the equator, but the energy is more
spread out & it is__________
Why does the earth not get too hot at the equator?
1. Air currents and ocean ___________________currents constantly ______________________
_________________________________
2. An Air Mass is a ______________body of air that takes on the characteristics of the
__________________________ it forms
3. Source Region is the region ____________ which the air mass forms
Air mass Classification (See Fig 12-3 p. 303)
Classification is designated with 2 letters:
1. Humidity is represented by a ______________ letter
a. Maritime (m) is ____________
b. Continental (c) is ___________
2. Temperature is represented by a __________________ letter:
a. Tropical (T) is _____________
b. Polar (P) is ________________
3. Exception:
a. Arctic air masses (A) represented by a single capital letter. Similar to _______ but
much ________
4. Examples:
a. What would a mP air mass be like? ______________________
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Air Mass Modification
1. Air masses are changed and modified by taking on _________________________ of the land
they _____________________
2. Example: Air masses can _____________ moisture and take on ____________characteristics
if they move away from the body of water they formed over
3. Example question: A cool, wet air mass that brings cloudy, rainy weather to the Pacific NW
is an example of what type of air mass?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Continental tropical
Maritime polar
Continental polar
Maritime tropical
Section 12.2 Weather Systems
1. Coriolis Effect: Air particles are to be deflected (pushed to the side) as air moves from the
poles towards the equator due to the _______________________ of the Earth
a. Creates ____________________ systems that transport cold air to warmer areas &
vice versa (balances Earth’s heat energy)
b. See Fig 12-4 p. 305
Global Wind Systems See Fig 12-4b p 305
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1. Trade Winds: Wind patterns _____ and ______ of the equator are caused by this. (Fig 12.4b)
a. ______________at the equator: ____________________________
b. __________at 30o N or S: __________________________________
c. Trade winds are NE or SE trade winds because the blow from ________________.
Winds are named by direction the wind ____________ from.
d. Horse latitudes are ______________ winds at _________
e. Doldrums at the _____________are also ____________ winds
2. Prevailing Westerlies: Flow between 30o and 60o N & S.
a. Based on their name, you know they blow from the ________________
b. Causes most of the weather in the __________________
3. Polar Easterlies: Flow between 60o and the poles _________ N & S.
a. Based on their name, you know they blow from the ____________
b. ________________ wind system
Jet Streams are _________________bands of _____________________________________ winds
1. Caused by __________________________ differences where 2 __________________global
wind systems ________________
2. _____: Polar jet stream where ___________________ & _______________________collide
3. _____: Subtropical jet stream where ______________ & ________________________ collide
4. Temperature variation caused differences in ________________________which causes wind
Fronts
1. A front is a narrow region separating two air masses of ______________________________.
2. 4 main types of fronts:
a. ____________________fronts
b. ____________________ fronts
c. ____________________fronts
d. ____________________ fronts
3. See Figure 12-7 p. 308 IMPORTANT
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Cold Fronts
1. In cold fronts, cold, dense air moves & PUSHES warm air _____________________________
2. Clouds (____________________), showers, ___________________________thunderstorms
3. __________________line with _________triangles pointing in the direction the front is moving
Warm Fronts
1. In warm fronts, __________________________________________________ cooler air.
2. Warm air rises in a _______________ creating clouds at ________________ of the
troposphere: _______________________________________________________________
3. Creates a __________band of ____________________ rain & precipitation
4. ________ line with __________ semicircles pointing in the direction the warm front is moving.
Stationary Fronts
1. Stationary fronts occur when two air masses meet but _______________________ each other
because temperature and density differences are ____________________.
1. _____________weather possible: Clear vs. clouds, light or no precipitation vs. thunderstorms,
no rain vs. days of rain.
2. Combo of _______________________ diagrams with short segments of _____________blue
triangles & red semicircles pointing in ________________ directions
Occluded Fronts
1. Occluded Fronts occur when a cold front ______________________ a warm front & then hits
another cold air mass
2. All ___air masses are moving in the ______________________________________
3. Forces all of the warm air _________ between the two cold air masses & the warm air is
“occluded” & it ___________________________ the ground.
4. _____________line with ________________________ triangles and semicircles
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Pressure Systems
1. Low pressure is associated with ___________________air
2. High pressure is associated with ___________________ air
3. Pressure = ____________________
High-Pressure Systems
1. In high-pressure systems, dense air falls to the earth’s surface and
___________________________.
2. Spins (rotates) _______________________ in the Northern hemisphere
because of the ________________ effect and the Earths rotation
3. Air is “spun” _____________________
4. Fair ____________ weather (______________ clouds)
Low-Pressure Systems
1. In low-pressure systems, less dense surface air ___________________
2. To fill in the “hole” that then forms in the center, air from around it must
move inwards
3. Rotates _____________________________ in Northern Hemisphere
4. Rising air causes _______________________________
5. May form “wave cyclones”-bad weather in the mid-latitudes like us:
_____________________________________________________
Section 12.3 Gathering Weather Data
1. Meteorologists take _____________________, air pressure, wind, and __________________
into consideration to make accurate weather forecasts.
2. Tools:
a. Thermometer
b. Barometer: measures _________________________
c. Anemometer: measures _______________________
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d. Hygrometer: measures ________________________
e. Ceilometer: measures the ___________ of cloud layers and the amount of sky covered
by clouds
Automated Surface Observing System
1. 1,700 different weather sites throughout the United States used to gather info for the National
Weather Service every hour
2. Provides a ________________________ of weather patterns all at once
Upper-Level Data
1. Weather is due to changes _______________ in the_________________________
a. Therefore, need weather measurements at altitudes over 30,000 m
2. Radiosondes are sensors attached to large weather _____________________ that measure
air temperature, wind speed, humidity, and pressure
Weather Radar
1. Weather radar is used locate _______________________
2. A transmitter generates __________________ and sends them out with a radius of 200 km
3. The waves bounce off large ________________ and the radar system detects where the
waves are scattered to show where it is raining
Doppler Radar
1. Uses the Doppler Effect which is caused by a change in ___________________________ as
they move away or towards a person
a. Example: The sound of a ____________________ changes as it passes
2. Doppler Radar, like weather radar, senses areas of precipitation but also determines the
_____________ of how fast rain droplets are _______________ away from weather station
3. Combining precipitation AND ___________________ give this technique a distinct advantage
Weather Satellites
1. Weather satellites have ________________ that take __________of Earth at regular intervals
2. They are used to track _________________ which can also be used ___________________
Infrared Imagery Satellites Where have we seen infrared radiation used previously?
1. Infrared detects differences in the ________________ of cloud cover and Earth’s surface
a. Example: REALLY COLD cloud temps may indicate _____________clouds & _______
2. Advantage: Can be use ___________________________
3. Can be used to map out weather patterns as well
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Section 12.4 Weather Analysis
1. Station model is a record of weather data for a _________________ at a ________________
2. See Appendix E p.915 for weather `symbols
Surface Analysis for Nat’l or Global Models
1. Isopleths are lines that connect points of __________________________________ values
2. Isobars are lines of equal _________________________
a. What do many isobars close together mean?
______________________________________________________________
b. Far apart? ____________________________________________
c. Wind blows from ________ pressure to ______ pressure
d. Isobars show the locations of ______________________________ systems
e. See Fig 12-16 p.319
3. Isotherms are lines of equal ____________________________
a. Shows temperature _____________________________
b. Closely spaced isotherms (fast temperature change) shows the location of ________
where two ________________________ meet
Short Term vs. Long Term Forecasts
1. Long term forecasts are _________________________ as short term forecasts
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Study Tips
1. Textbook reading
A. Objectives at the beginning of this note outline and of each textbook section
B. Vocab words: italicized at the beginning of each section, and bold throughout text
C. Questions at the end of each section and at the end of the chapter
D. Summary page at end of chapter
2. Notes and worksheets from class
3. Links on my webpage:
A. Take an on-line quiz on the textbook website link or
http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/earthscience/index.html
i. Chapter Resources
ii. Unit 4
iii. Chapter 12
iv. On-line Study Tools
v. Select either online quiz, or interactive tutor (game )
B. Quizlet website link: print flashcards, vocab games, vocab tests
Bellwork #1 Prior Knowledge
1. What is the difference between weather & climate?
2. List some terms used by meteorologists.
Bellwork #2: Review Sec 12.1
1. Write the symbols for the following:
A. Cold & dry air mass
B. Cold & humid
C. Warm & dry
2. “It’s raining”. Is that a statement of weather or climate? Explain.
Bellwork: Section 12.1 Assessment p. 304
Bellwork #3: Temperature & Season Causes
1. What factors warm a particular spot on Earth?
2. What causes seasons to occur?
Bellwork #4: Global Wind System Review
1. Is high or low pressure present at the earth’s surface at the poles?
A. What on the diagram shows you that?
B. Why do clouds form at the equator? Be specific.
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2. What causes the jet stream?
Bellwork #5: Section 12.1 Assessment p. 311
Do questions #1, 2, 4, 5
Bellwork #6 Type of Front??
For each picture, top & bottom, list:
1. Type of front
2. Specifically describe what you see in the diagram that tells you that is the front type
Bellwork #7 Weather Instruments
1. What is the main advantage of Doppler Radar over conventional weather radar?
2. Compare (similarity) and contrast (difference) infrared vs. visible light imagery.
Bellwork #8 Miscellaneous Review
1. The 3 global wind systems:
Name of wind system
Rises at??
Sinks at??
Blow W→E or
E→W?
2. Draw a symbol for both a high pressure and a low pressure system, including arrows showing the
direction of wind at the surface.
3. Name 3 tools/instruments used by meteorologists. Describe what each measures.
4. What is the difference between isobars & isotherms?
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Bellwork #9 Miscellaneous Review
1. What is radiosonde? Explain what it is used for.
2. What is an analog forecast? What is it used for?
3. Wave cyclone. Do we have them in Iowa? Explain.
4. As an air mass moves away from where it was formed, its characteristics change. What is the
vocabulary term to describe this change?
Demo: Air Masses & Fronts
Observations
What is happening at the
end with the ice?
What is happening at the
end without the ice?
1. Describe where clouds come from.
2. Describe where condensation and precipitation form.
3. Identify what section of the box represents a cold air mass.
4. Identify what section of the box represents a warm air mass.
5. Infer where the weather front is in your box.
6. Describe where the front moved.
7. Identify what kind of front you made.
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