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Plant responses and Animal behaviour Lesson one - answers The Environment: Abiotic and biotic factors For an organism to grow, survive and reproduce they have to be able to take advantage of changes in their environments. Its habitat, where an organism lives does not change, but the environment can change dramatically (eg: Barnacle). An organism’s niche is its ‘way of life’ – how it lives in that habitat. 1. What does environment mean? MB pg 6 – total sum of non-living and living factors that can influence a way an organism lives. Can be divided into two factors 2. What are abiotic factors (physical factors)? Non living factors that influence the lives of organisms. MB pg 6 Abiotic (physical) Factors FACTOR ASPECTS OF THE FACTOR Light intensity, duration, wavelength (photo-) (colour of visible light, UV and infrared) SIGNIFICANCE TO THE ORGANISM photosynthesis, temperature, growth, camouflage, vision Water (Hydro-) availability, state, salinity, pH, humidity, wave action and exposure, current speed, oxygen content growth, internal state, cooling fertilisation, dispersal, oxygen, dissolved nutrients Temperature (Thermo-) daily/annual range, extremes and duration growth, activity and dissolved gases Atmosphere wind, gases, humidity and dew point dispersal, pollination, water loss and gain, heat loss and gain Chemicals (Chemo-) pheromones and smells, O2, CO2 and minerals locating food, mates and predators; territory; nutrients and waste Vibrations sound, vibrations from movement communication, avoid predators, find prey Substrate hardness, composition, pH, nutrients attachment, burrow, camouflage Fire intensity, duration, timing reproduction Gravity (Geo-) direction growth direction Touch (Thigmo-) Response to a solid object Direction of growth MB pg 7 do questions 2. (abiotic) 3. What are biotic factors? All relationships between members of the same species (intra) or members of other species (inter), these relationships can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral. Biotic factors are interactions with; o The same species – intraspecific - and these interactions include; Competition- for resources such as food, light, space, water, nutrients- where demand exceeds supply Cooperation- such as clumping of slaters to reduce water loss Aggression- defending territory etc Reproduction- pairing, mating behaviours o Different species – interspecific – and these interactions include; Competition- for the same resource Cooperation or mutualism- both members will benefit eg, ants and vines Exploitation – one will benefit at the expense of the other eg, predators Commensalisms- one benefits and the other is unharmed eg, epiphytes libing on the braches of trees MB pg 7, questions at bottom of species Analysis of effects of interactions – work through with class (+ beneficial, - harmful) Interaction Effect on Species 1 Effect on Species 2 predation of 2 by 1 + mutualism + + commensalisms of 1 with 2 + no effect parasitism of 1 by 2 + competition of 1 and 2 - Responses of organisms to the environment Environment = factors (abiotic and biotic) Behaviour = response of the organism to environmental factors Innate = has a genetic basis, it is usually stereotypical of an organism; therefore it is inherited. Already have know behaviour to respond to environment. Learned = learnt through being exposed to experiences. For learned behaviour there has to be a capacity to learn. Behaviour consists of 3 process: 1. Stimulus – change in environment 2. Receptor – any cell or group of cells that can detect the change 3. Effector – a cell or group of cells that respond to the change In plants: pigments and hormones (receptors and effectors) In animals: sense organs, muscles and glands (receptors and effectors) 4. Describe what is meant by ecological niche? MB pg 8 use statement and bullet points. Adaptations are inherited in 3 ways: (1) Structural = colour, shape, appendages (2) Behavioural = learned or innate (3) Physiological = to do with internal workings of organism, metabolism, sectretions etc…