Download Unit IV: The Grandeur That Was Rome

Unit IV: The Grandeur That
Was Rome
• Outcome 4.1: Students should be able to
• Explain the geographic factors which
influenced developments in the Italian
peninsula.
• Outcome 4.2: Students should be able to
• Identify the factors which explain Rome's
success in extending its control over the
Italian peninsula and subsequently the
Mediterranean world.
ROME – QUIZ #1
• Identify the factors which explain Rome's
success in extending its control over the
Italian peninsula and subsequently the
Mediterranean world.
4 Key Factors
1.
2.
3.
4.
Geographic
Economic/The Punic Wars
Political/Social
Military/The Punic Wars
I. Geographic Factors
• Mountains to the north and east initially protect the city from
invasion, as does the Mediterranean sea.
• Hills around Rome include rivers= fresh water
• Strategically located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea
• As the city grows, colonies are founded – where?
• Large supply of volcanic ash and limestone to make a type of
concrete for building
• More forest area than Greece = good for building
II. Economic Factors
• As the city grows, cannot produce enough
food to supply itself – must secure trade
routes at sea!
• Punic Wars with Carthage – Carthage
controlled Sicily and had a large navy which
threatened trade in the Mediterranean (as
well as the potential to invade Italy
III. Political/Social Factors
• Influences from Greeks and Etruscans
• Established a Republic following defeat of the
Etruscans – unwilling to allow themselves to
be ruled by another group – will of the
populace.
• Rome made peace with conquered peoples
and allowed them to keep local customs and
most land. Conquered peoples given
citizenship – became Romans.
IV. Military Factors
• With the defeat of Carthage came compulsory
military service for some
• Professionalization of Army after Punic Wars – paid
soldiers.
• Army becomes huge – soldiering becomes a
profession – army is an instrument of the state
• Allowed Romans to control the Italian Peninsula and
eventually the Mediterranean world
• Punic Wars victory solidified Roman control over the
Western Mediterranean
The Second Punic War
•
•
From Spain he marched 40,000 infantry, 8000 cavalry, & 60
battle elephants over the Alps (mountain barrier to Italy).
Within two months he conquered all of Northern Italy.
The Second Punic War
•
•
Once in Italy he was almost unstoppable.
He defeated the Romans at the Trebia
River, & Lake Trasimene.
Hannibal vs. Fabius
• Rome turns to a military leader name Fabius
• Fabius was asked to become dictator
– Romans called him "The Delayer”
– eventually removed him from power
• Believed that Hannibal lacked equipment for a prolonged siege and any
delay would hurt the Carthaginian food supply.
• Fabius’s methods were too slow for the majority of Romans.
• 2 consuls replaced Fabius—bad military leaders (Paulus and Varro)
– sent 80 000 soldiers against Hannibal--vastly outnumbering the
Carthaginian army
– Hannibal had a force of 40,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry
The Battle of Cannae
•
•
In Southern Italy he defeated the
Romans at the Battle of Cannae.
Cannae Video
Battle of Cannae
•
•
•
It was a brilliant strategy of false retreat
followed by attack & conquer.
Roman losses: 55,000 killed including 80
senators and Consul Paulus, 10,000
captured.
Hannibal loses fewer than 6,000
Rome Fights Back
•
Before attacking Rome he needed reinforcements.
•
He sent his brother, Hasdrubal.
•
The Romans intercepted his messengers.
•
After learning the location of his armies they crushed
them & delivered Hastrubal's head to Hannibal.
The Second Punic War
•
•
•
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Hannibal was at Rome's doorstep without siege equipment, or
reinforcements from Spain.
In Spain the Carthaginians were losing a counter invasion led
by the Roman General Scipio.
Scipio conquered all of Spain and Hannibal retreated to
protect Carthage.
In spite of winning every battle he lost the war.
The Second Punic War
• He was defeated at the battle of Zama by Scipio.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9cqlx5CkCk&feature=related
• Carthage surrendered and Rome secured the western
Mediterranean
• Hannibal committed suicide when assassins followed him into exile.
The Second Punic War
•
•
•
•
•
Four reasons Hannibal lost the war:
1) No siege equipment for Rome's walls
2) Rome's allies were too loyal to join him
3) Carthage didn't get reinforcements through
4) The Romans never gave up
3rd Punic War 149-146 BC
• 200-150 BC, Carthage recovered prosperity through commerce, but
still militarily weak.
• Romans fear revival of Carthage; demand they move inland from the
coast of Africa
• The Roman Senate declared war, and Rome attacked the city itself.
After a siege, the Romans stormed the town and the army went from
house to house slaughtering the inhabitants.
• Carthaginians who weren't killed were sold into slavery. The harbor
and the city was demolished, and all the surrounding countryside was
sown with salt in order to render it uninhabitable.
The Punic Wars -- Results
1. Rome develops naval control of the Mediterranean
2. Professionalized army (year-round paid soldiers)
3. Need for strategic military commanders to
maintain dominance of expanding lands (Scipio
needed to defeat Hannibal)
4. More tax income and resources generated from
expanded territory
The Punic Wars -- Results
1. Soldiers need retirement funds and lands
2. Rise of the military commanders who will look after
their men = more success for commander = better
legions
3. Powerful military leaders arise: Marius, Sulla,
Crassus, Pompey, Caesar
4. Power shift from loyalty to the state to loyalty to
one’s commander
5. Powerful Generals use this to their advantage