Download Kinetic Molecular Theory

Kinetic Molecular Theory
-Matter is made of molecules.
-Molecules are always in motion.
Kinetic Energy-the energy of motion
Potential Energy- stored energy
4 states of matter
-Solid-lowest kinetic energy, molecules vibrate, fixed shape
-Liquid-more kinetic energy, molecules rotate and slip and slide, “fluid”
-Gas-higher kinetic energy, molecules spin away from each other, “fluid”
-Plasma- highest kinetic energy, ionized gas, “fluid”
Heat Energy- the transfer of the energy of motion (kinetic energy) and is the total amount of
kinetic energy
Temperature-average amount of kinetic energy
3 temperature scales
-Fahrenheit {freezing point: 32 F, boiling point: 212 F}
-Celsius (Centigrade) {freezing point: 0 C boiling point: 100 C}
-Kelvin {freezing point: 273 K boiling point: 373 K}
Directly Proportional: The greater, the greater. The less, the less.
Inversely Proportional: The greater, the less. The less, the greater.
Charles’ law:
For a given pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature.
The greater them temperature, the greater the volume.
Boyle’s law:
For a given temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure applied.
The greater the pressure, the less the volume of gas.
Calorie-a unit of heat energy
3 Forms of Thermal Transfer
-Conduction
-Heat energy is transferred through the COLLISION OF MOLECULES. Examples: Metals are
good conductors. Glass is an insulator.
-Convection
-Heat is transferred through convection currents. This occurs when FLUIDS RISE AND FALL
THROUGH EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION. Examples: In the earth (continents move,)
in the ocean (distribution of heat energy and minerals through circulation,) in the air (wind
(convection coils) and partial cause of tornadoes.)
-Radiation
-Heat energy is transferred directly through space at the speed of light. No molecules are
needed to carry it. Examples: From the sun, from the fire, microwave, x-rays.
State changes
“melting”/solid to liquid/ice to water
“vaporization”/liquid to gas/water to water vapor
“sublimation”/solid to gas/dry ice to CO2
“freezing”/liquid to solid/water to ice
“condensation”/gas to liquid/water vapor to water
“deposition”/gas to solid/iodine vapor to iodine crystal
Physical Changes
Molecules DO NOT CHANGE
What does change:
Size
Shape
State
Chemical Changes
Molecules DO CHANGE
They either build up or break down.
A color change is usually a good indicator of a chemical change
New substances are formed.
Molecules: The smallest part of a substance that still retains the
properties of that substance; made up of atoms.
Atoms: Basic building blocks of matter; derived from Greek word
“atomos” meaning “indivisible unit.”
Pressure- the “force” per area
Pressure= force/area
Pascal is a unit pressure
1 N/m2=1 Pascal
Pressure acts in all directions.
Pressure and Elevation:
The higher you are, the lower the pressure. The lower you are, the higher the pressure.