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AGR 3102 PRINCIPLES OF WEED SCIENCE Weeds of Orchards and Plantation Crops Objective: To study the morphological characteristics and identify weed species found in orchards and plantations Materials A4 papers or sketch book Specimens (as displayed) and camera (optional) Introduction Plantation crops and orchards are commonly big and tall perennial trees. These crops, when mature, normally have their canopy providing shades to the ground surface. Weeds in such areas are normally less or non existence because light (important for plant growth) penetration to the ground is less available. Therefore, in these cropping areas, weeds can only be found during the early stages of planting and crop growth (i.e. nursery or young plant plantation), where crops are still relatively small and ground hasn’t fully covered by the canopy. It is during the early stage of crop growth where weeds cause a lot of problems through competition, interference and parasitism, which required high attention and careful management. In addition, plantation and orchard weeds also grow readily in replanting areas, where sunlight can penetrate to the ground surface. Since the plantation and orchard crops are big perennial tress, weeds that often cause competition problems are also strong woody and/or large herbaceous species. Sometimes, several small herbaceous, aggressive grasses and creeping plants are also found. These weeds need to be controlled early throughout the area by circle weeding around each crop up to 1-2 m diameters. Laboratory Works Observe, identify, draw, and record the characteristics and their taxonomic naming for each specimen on display. Scientific name should comprise of family, genus, and species. Use this record for later practical. Questions to Answer 1. How many species are grasses, sedges, herbaceous or woody plants? 2. Give examples of orchard crops and plantation crops in Malaysia? 3. Give the scientific name of some grasses, sedges, herbaceous or woody weeds? 4. List all weed species on display that are also used/can be potentially used as cover crops in plantation? AGR 3102 PRINCIPLES OF WEED SCIENCE Weeds of Landscape and Water Bodies Objective: To study the morphological characteristics and identify weed species found in landscape and water bodies Materials A4 papers or sketch book Specimens (as displayed) and camera (optional) Introduction Weeds are often the most visible landscape pests. And they are a major problem for homeowners and landscape managers. Weeds are a concern principally because they compete with desirable plants fro space, light, nutrients, and water. Apart from that, they also detract from the appearance and function of landscape, which can greatly reduce the aesthetic value in the infested area such as the beauty and scenery, as well as causing danger, injury, and hinder recreational activities, etc. Plants are natural and important components of the aquatic environment. Microscopic plants (algae) form the base of the aquatic food chain. Larger algae and plants provide habitat for fish and food organisms, and all plants produce oxygen as they photosynthesize during the daylight hours. However, excessive growths of these plants can have a detrimental effect on a body of water and its inhabitants. Many shallow, nutrient-rich ponds, lakes, and drainage ditches provide ideal conditions for abundant aquatic weed growth. Laboratory Works Observe, identify, draw, and record the characteristics and their taxonomic naming for each specimen on display. Use this record for later practical. Scientific name should comprise of family, genus, and species. Questions to Answer 1. Name the weeds of landscape areas and aquatic environment, and relate each species with one obvious observable characteristic. 2. Are weeds of landscape areas differ from those weeds of the plantation or orchard? 3. Some modifications area normally found in aquatic weeds. What are the modifications which you observed? AGR 3102 PRINCIPLES OF WEED SCIENCE Weeds of Field Crops Objective: To study the morphological characteristics and identify weed species found in the field/farm Materials A4 papers or sketch book Specimens (as displayed) and camera (optional) Introduction There are many weed species which grow in the field/farm areas, competing with the crops for nutrient, space, water, gasses etc. In fact, in field crops, weeds have a very vigorous growth, relatively have short-life span, diverse and abundant. This is because of the nature of the cropping systems which often changes according to the crop planted. In addition, a short planting period for most of the field crops, which regularly changes the surrounding environment, further encourages the diversity of weed growth. As usual, each weed species differs morphologically with others, which can be used for its identification. Laboratory Works Observe, identify, draw and record the characteristics and their taxonomic naming for each specimen on display. Scientific name should comprise of family, genus, and species. Use this record for later practical. Questions to Answer 1. What types of weed are normally found in the field crops? 2. How many families and genus of the field crop weeds are displayed for you to study and identify? 3. How should the scientific name of a plant be written?