Download B5 : The Living Body

B5 : The Living Body
Qu
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2
3
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Skeletons
What is the insect exoskeleton made of?
Give 2 examples of animals with no
skeleton
Name the two types of living tissue found in
the human skeleton.
What are the advantages and disadvantages
of a skeleton made of cartilage?
Ans
1
2
3
4
Why do some patients with serious bone
fractures need a blood transfusion?
H5
Which two minerals replace cartilage
during ossification?
How can scientists determine the age of
the person if they only have a skeleton to
investigate?
H6
H7
8
H5
H6
Why are elderly people more likely to
fracture bones when they fall?
What type of joint is the elbow?
What is the role of the synovial fluid?
H7
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Which muscle contracts to raise the arm?
Where are ball and socket joints found in
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the human body?
Explain the difference between a tendon
and a ligament
Many of the joints in the human body act
H12
as levers, in the arm, what is the fulcrum?
Give 2 disadvantages of replacement joints
H13
11
H12
H13
Skeletons
Chitin
Jellyfish, worms
bone and cartilage
Advantages: light and flexible
Disadvantage: not rigid enough to support an
animal’s weight on land
Bones are living tissue and have a blood
supply, fractures can cause internal bleeding
and sometimes this means that a person needs
to have that blood replaced.
calcium and phosphorus
The proportion of bone to cartilage can be
used as a measure of growth. It is possible to
produce a graph of the proportion bone to
cartilage for different ages. You can then
estimate the amount of cartilage in skeleton
under investigation and estimate the age of
the skeleton.
Elderly people are likely to suffer from
osteoporosis which means that their bones are
brittle and much easier to break.
A hinge joint
It lubricates and cushions the synovial joint,
which reduces friction between the two bones
that make the joint
Biceps
shoulder and hip
A tendon attaches the muscle to bone
whereas a ligament holds two bones together
elbow joint



requires major surgery
they cannot repair themselves if they
are damaged
can weaken the surrounding bones
B5 : The Living Body
Qu
Circulatory systems
and the cardiac system
A
ns
1
Why do single celled organisms not need a
circulatory system?
1
2
What is meant by an open circulatory
system?
2
3
4
H5
H6
H5
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What is meant by a closed circulatory
system?
Name the blood vessels which deliver
oxygen and glucose to the heart muscles
Describe the heart structure of an animal
with a single circulatory system?
What is the advantage of a double
circulatory system?
Harvey was a British doctor who
investigated the circulatory system, what
did he discover about arteries and veins?
Name the blood vessel which delivers
deoxygenated blood from the body
Which heart chamber accepts blood from
the pulmonary vein?
Which side of the heart has a thicker muscle
wall?
Where are the semi-lunar valves found?
9
H4
4
10
What is the pacemaker (SAN) and where is it
found?
H11
H12
What is the role of the AVN?
The heart has just two chambers: one atrium
and one ventricle.
Blood is under high pressure which moves
materials around the body quickly.
He discovered that arteries carry blood under
high pressure away from the heart and that
veins have valves to prevent back flow
vena cava
the left side
Summarise the cardiac cycle
Which method is used by doctors to
investigate the electrical impulses in the
cardiac cycle?
Which method is used by doctors to
investigate the structure of the heart?
Which hormone increases heart rate?
They are in contact with the environment
directly and they can rely on diffusion to
supply oxygen and nutrients.
A body with no blood vessels, the blood fills up
the body system. Special tubes deliver air
directly to the respiring cells.
A body with blood vessels and a heart to pump
blood around these blood vessels
coronary arteries
right atrium
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Circulatory systems and
the cardiac system
They separate the ventricles from the blood
vessels which carry blood away from the heart
(the pulmonary artery and the aorta)
The heart relaxes and blood fills the atria.
Both atria contract and blood enters the
ventricles.
Ventricles contact from the bottom up,
pushing blood upwards towards the arteries
An ECG
An echocardiogram
adrenaline
The pacemaker is a group of specialised cells
found in the right atrium. It produces a small
H11 electrical charge impulse which spreads
across the atrium causing it to contract and
stimulate the AVN
The AVN (atrio-ventricle node) causes the
H12
ventricles to contract
B5 : The Living Body
Qn
1
RUNNING REPAIRS
Why do heart values sometimes need
replacing?
What is bypass surgery?
2
What is a hole in the heart?
H13
H14
H15
H16
H17
H18
H19
What is the first step in the cascade
reaction which results in a blood clot?
Which protein are blood clots made from
Which vitamin is essential for blood
clotting?
What is meant by the term anticoagulant
and give the name of one anticoagulant
drug
Which genetic disease limits blood clotting?
Name two factors that must be matched
before blood can be given in a transfusion?
Which blood group is the Universal Donor?
Which blood group is the Universal
recipient?
Which agglutinins (antigen) do the red
blood cells of someone with Group AB
blood?
Which antibodies are found in the blood
plasma of the blood of someone with
group A blood?
RUNNING REPAIRS
The values become damaged and this allows
1
blood to flow backwards and reduces blood
pressure
When the coronary arteries get blocked by
cholesterol plaques, the amount of oxygen
delivered to the heart muscles is reduced and
2
this can cause cell death and a heart attack.
Blood vessels from the leg can be used to
replace the blocked coronary artery and
restore blood flow to the heart muscle.
All human foetuses, while in the uterus have a
hole in the heart, between the atria. This is
because the placenta delivers oxygenated
blood and the hole in the heart by-passes the
H13
lungs. The hole usually closes after birth. If it
does not close less oxygen is carried in the
blood because oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood mix.
Platelets must be exposed to air
Ans
H14
H15
H16
H17
H18
Fibrin
Vitamin K
A drug which interferes with the clotting
process. Heparin or warfarin or aspirin are all
anticoagulants
Haemophilia
ABO blood group and the Rhesus factor
Group 0
Group AB
Both A and B agglutinins
H19
Anti-B antibodies
B5 : The Living Body
Qn
s
RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS
Define gas exchange
Name the gas exchange organ in amoeba
Name the gas exchange organ in fish
Describe the movement of oxygen into the
blood via the respiratory system
What is ventilation?
What is the difference between ventilation
and respiration?
Describe how inhalation occurs
What is the vital capacity?
What is the residual air?
By which process does oxygen enter the
blood supply and carbon dioxide leave the
blood supply?
How are the alveoli adapted for gas
exchange?
Why are alveoli easily damaged by dust
and microorganisms?
How do the trachea and bronchi protect the
body from pathogens?
What is pneumonia?
Explain what happens during an asthma
attack?
AN
S
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Process where oxygen enters an organism
and carbon dioxide is released
The cell membrane
Gills
Air enters the mouth and down the trachea
into the bronchi. The bronchi split into left and
right side of the body. The air enters the
bronchioles and then into the alveoli. Here
oxygen diffuses into the blood capillaries
which surround the alveoli and oxygen enters
the blood supply.
Breathing
Ventilation is the process where air moves into
and out of the lungs, whereas respiration is the
process that occurs inside the cells and
releases energy for cells to use.
The intercostal muscles contract causing the
ribcage to move upwards and outwards. The
diaphragm also contracts. Both of these
processes increase the volume of the chest
cavity. As the pressure inside the lungs is now
below air pressure, air moves into the lungs
It is the maximum volume of air that can be
used in gas exchange in the lungs
The volume of air that stays in the lungs at the
end of the maximum breathe out.
diffusion
large surface area
moist, thin permeable surface
good blood supply
Alveoli are ‘dead ends’ dust and bacteria can
collect; there are no cilia to waft trapped
bacteria from the alveoli. The alveoli are thin,
so are easily damaged.
The goblet cells produce mucus which traps
pathogens and dust. Ciliated cells waft and
move the mucus up to the back of the throat,
where it swallowed and the acid in the
stomach is kills the microorganisms.
A disease which is usually caused by a virus or
bacteria; it causes inflammation where fluid
builds up.
Asthmatic airways are sensitive and can
become swollen or inflamed.
Bronchioles narrow (constrict) and the
B5 : The Living Body
muscles tighten and there is an increase in
mucus produced. It makes it difficult to
breathe and causes wheezing, coughing and
chest tightness.
Qn
DIGESTION
What is physical digestion and why is it
important?
An
How is food moved along the gut?
Where does chemical digestion take place?
Describe the breakdown of carbohydrates.
Which enzymes break down proteins?
What are the breakdown products and
lipids and the general name for enzymes
which catalyse this reaction?
How is the small intestine adapted for
efficient absorption of food?
Describe the breakdown of starch include
the name of the enzymes involved
Why is bile needed for the digestion of fat?
Where is bile produced, stored and
released?
Why are the enzymes secreted in the
mouth, denatured in the stomach?
QN WASTE DISPOSAL
S
AN
S
DIGESTION
Chewing and squeezing of food in the
stomach. Breaks down the food into smaller
pieces so that it can pass through the digestive
system easily. It increases the surface area
which increases the rate of chemical digestion
(enzymes)
By peristalsis, the circular muscles in the gut
wall squeeze the food along.
In the mouth, the stomach and small intestine
It begins in the mouth where starch is broken
down to glucose. The pancreas produces
carbohydrases which are released into the
small intestine and carbohydrates are broken
down into small soluble sugars
Proteases
Lipids are broken down into glycerol and fatty
acids. Lipases are the enzymes which speed up
this reaction
 Very long
 Large surface area because of the
microvilli
 Thin lining that reduces diffusion
distance for dissolved food molecules
 Good blood supply
Starch is digested in a 2 step process
First amylase breaks down starch to maltose
Then maltase breaks down maltose to
glucose
Amylase and maltase are the enzymes
Fat is hard to digest because it does not mix
well with water. Bile is an emulsifier which
allows lipases to work.
Bile is made in the liver, it is stored in the gall
bladder and it is released into the small
intestine.
The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid,
which means the stomach has a pH around 2.
This low pH denatures most enzymes
including those produced in the mouth. (The
proteases produced in the stomach have a
low pH optimum)
WASTE DISPOSAL
B5 : The Living Body
What is the name of the process which
produces faeces?
Name the 3 excretory products of the
human body
Where and how is urea produced?
State the function of the kidneys
Name the blood vessel which delivers blood
to the kidney
Which vessel carries urine from the kidney
to the bladder?
Which useful chemicals are reabsorbed in
the kidney?
What influences the amount of urine
someone produces?
On a hot day, after exercising –how would
you describe the urine a person produces
What happens when carbon dioxide levels
are high in the blood?
What is ultrafiltration?
Why is selective reabsorption important?
What is ADH and where is it produced and
where does it act?
If a person’s kidneys fail what are the
treatment options.
What is the principal of dialysis?
egestion
urea, sweat and carbon dioxide
Urea is produced in the liver by the breakdown
of excess amino acids
To excrete urea, water and salt
renal artery
ureter
glucose, water and amino acids
temperature, amount of water drunk, amount
of sweating
They would produce a low volume of
concentrated urine
Carbon dioxide levels are detected by the
brain and breathing rate is increased, to
increase gas exchange and removed from the
blood
It happens in the kidney tubules (nephrons)
and small molecules such as glucose, water
and urea move into the glomerulus and
capsule because the blood in from the renal
artery is under pressure. The large red blood
cells stay in the blood and do not move into
the glomerulus.
Small useful molecules such as glucose and
amino acids pass into the nephron and would
be excreted in the urine. Both glucose and
amino acids are reabsorbed into the blood
leaving some water and urea in the kidney
tubule, to be excreted.
ADH is antidiuretic hormone. It is produced
by the pituitary gland in the brain; it acts on
the collecting duct. It increases the
permeability of the collecting duct, so more
water is reabsorbed into the blood, so less
volume of urine is produced. This means that
the urine is more concentrated.
Initially dialysis is used to remove urea from
the patients’ blood. The patient may be
offered a kidney transplant if a suitable
kidney is available.
It removes urea from the blood and maintains
sodium and glucose levels in the blood, of
someone with kidney failure
B5 : The Living Body
Qn
s
An
s
What is the role of oestrogen?
What is the role of progesterone?
Which hormone causes the egg to develop
in the ovary?
Which hormone produced by the pituitary
gland controls ovulation?
Name the two hormones whose level drop
before menstruation.
Name 3 types of infertility treatments
It causes the repair of the uterus wall
It maintains the uterus wall
FSH- follicle stimulating hormone
LH- luteinising hormone
Progesterone and oestrogen
artificial insemination, use of FSH, IVF, egg
donation, surrogacy, ovary transplants
Eggs and sperm are collected and mixed
together in the laboratory, this is where
fertilisation occurs. The embryo is then
transplanted into the woman’s uterus.
It can be used to see if there are multiple
pregnancies (i.e. twins/triplets), look for
developmental defects and to determine the
babies sex.
A needle is inserted into the fluid around the
baby (amniotic fluid); this fluid contains some
cells which can be checked for chromosome
abnormalities.
If a defect such as Downs’s syndrome is
detected, it gives the couple the option of a
termination. Some couples decide that they
would not opt for a termination so decide
against the test.
Negative feedback loop
Describe how IVF treatment works
Why is ultrasound used in pregnancy?
Describe how the amniocentesis test is
done
Why do some couples refuse the
amniocentesis test?
LH production is controlled by oestrogen
levels in the blood, what type of
mechanism is this?
QN Growth and repair
S
What are the five main stages of human
life?
Name 3 factors which affect human growth
Name two components of a healthy diet
needed for good bone growth
What has happened to human life
expectancy in the 21st Century?
Name 5 body parts that can be replaced by
organ transplant
What is a living donor?
Which type of implant is used to maintain a
normal heart beat rhythm
Life goes on
An
s
Growth and repair
Infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood
and old age
genes, diet, amount of exercise, amount of
growth hormone, health, any
diseases/illnesses they have had
calcium and vitamin D
It is much longer
Heart, lungs, kidney, liver, cornea, blood, skin.
When a person living donates an organ such as
a kidney, and continues to have a normal life
A pacemaker
B5 : The Living Body
How does human growth hormone result
in growth?
Name 3 problems with increased life
expectancy
It release energy for growth from fat stores
and stimulates the growth of long bones
 elderly can suffer from degenerative
diseases
 elderly may find it difficult to live
independently in their own homes
 trend for smaller families means there
is no-one to look after them
 Limited income- means difficult to
keep warm/eat healthy
Why do people who have had an organ
transplant need to take
immunosuppressive drugs?
To prevent rejection of the organ, a
recipient’s immune system attacks the
donated organ, unless it is suppressed by the
drugs.
The UK has a ‘opt in’ donor system; where
people need to volunteer to donate their
organs.
What type of donation system does the UK
operate?