Download American History Chapter 26

American History Chapter
26
America In A World At War
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
3VqQAf74fsE
War On Two Fronts
⦿ After
Pearl Harbor
• Japanese attacked US bases in Manila
• U. S. surrendered Philippines, Guam, Wake Is.
⦿ U.
S. approach 2 fold
• Macarthur from the South (Aust.), Nimitz from East (HI)
⦿ Battle
of Midway, U. S. was victorious
• mid-1943, US gained an edge in the Pacific theater
War On Two Fronts
⦿ European
Theater
• Delays in a French invasion upset Stalin
• 20 million casualties, you guys are using us
⦿ FDR
opt for N. Africa campaign
• Oct. 1942…Patton/Montgomery v. Rommel
• May 1948…Nazis out of Africa
War On Two Fronts
⦿ Winter
1942-43 Soviets hold off Stalingrad
• Germans abandon eastern front
⦿ July
1943 U. S. on board w/ Brits to invade Sicily
• Mussolini out, Germans take Rome
• June 1944 Allies finally retake Rome
• This delayed French invasion
War On Two Fronts
⦿ Holocaust,
The Final Solution
• 11 million deaths – 6 million Jews
• 1942, U. S. aware of killings
• St. Louis…U. S. turned away 1,000 escaped Jews
⚫Numbers met the quota system
The American People In Wartime
⦿ War
can be good for:
• Ending a Great Depression
• Ending unemployment
• Production of goods
•
Fed. spending increased drastically
⦿
$9 billion in 1939, to $100 billion in 1945
⦿ 15
million men and women were part of forces
• Increased need for labor
•
Shortage of cons. goods = savings increase
Check, Check Check
⦿http://wheeldecide.com/index.php?c1=Apollo+11&c2=Model+T&c3=U.+S.+S.+Constitution&c
4=Spirit+of+St.+Louis&time=5
http://wheeldecide.com/index.php?c1=Apollo+11&c2=Model+T&c3=U.+S.+S.+Constitution&c4=S
pirit+of+St.+Louis&time=5
1. Italian immigrants and anarchists, were tried for the murders. Despite
years of protesting that they had not received a fair trial, the men were executed
in 1927, reflecting anti-immigrant sentiments in the United States.
1. Term used to describe the growth of African- American Literature and
arts.
1. Bribery scandal involving President Harding’s Secretary of the Interior,
Albert Fall. Fall secured naval oil reserves in his jurisdiction.
1. Term used to describe makeshift shacks that housed groups of
homeless people. Used in open areas near cities during the
Depression.
The American People In Wartime
⦿ West
becomes a player
• Gov’t disproportionately spent in the West
• Gov’t disproportionately in CA in the West
• Aircraft, shipbuilding, launching site for Japan
The American People In Wartime
⦿ Gone
to War…void in job market
• Unemployed, women minorities enter
⦿ Union
membership increased
• In exchange for “no strikes” and wage limits
⦿ Goal
•
was to produce w/o disruption
Smith-Connally Act
• Vetoed by FDR, passed anyway
• Pres. Could seize company if striking
• Union must file 30 days prior to strike
The American People In Wartime
⦿ 1942
Anti Inflation Act
• Pres. Could freeze prices, wages, and set rations
• Enforced by the Office of Price Administration
⦿ 1941-45
U. S. spent 2x as much as it had total
The American People In Wartime
⦿2
ways the government paid for the war
• Taxes (1942 Revenue Act…higher tax bracket)
• War bonds
⦿ War
•
•
•
•
•
•
Production Board
organize mobilization effort
Concept…broad economic powers
Reality…did not have much power
Replaced by White House Office of War Mobilization
Synthetic rubber
1944 U. S. Output 2x Axis output combined
The American People In Wartime
⦿ Technology
in the war
• German and Japanese tech ahead of Allies initially
• Car assembly lines turned into military assembly lines
• Radar and sonar improved dramatically
⚫Countered U-boats
• Anti-Aircraft tech improved
• B17s
The American People In Wartime
⦿ Breakthrough
• British Ultra Project…break German “Enigma” Code
⚫Intercept intel
• American “Magic”
⚫Broke the Japanese “Purple” code
The American People In Wartime
⦿ African
Americans
• Generally supported the war
⚫hoped for more rights
• A. Philip Randolph
⚫proposed a demonstration in DC
⚫Wanted all “war” industries integrated
⚫FDR…Fair Employment Practice Commission
⚫ could investigate discrimination in war industries
• Large migration of blacks from the South
⚫Larger numbers than during the Great Migration of WW I
The American People In Wartime Cont.
⦿ Native
Americans
• Many entered work force
• Some enlisted
• “Code-talkers”
⦿ Mexican
Americans
• Bracero program
⚫Contract labor…Mexican workers came to the U. S.
• Zoot Suit Riot 1943
⚫conflict between American sailors and young Mexicans in Los Angeles
The American People In Wartime
⦿ Women
and children in the war
• Women in the workforce increased by 60%
• Most worked in service industries (Gov’t bureaucracies)
• Others…“Rosie the Riveter”
• Many children became “latchkey kids”
• Crime rate increased
• 1/3 of teenagers were employed
The American People In Wartime
⦿ Wartime
Life and Culture
• Movie/theater attendance increased
• Life Magazine
• Casinos, dance halls
• Home was an important psychological lift for troops
The American People In Wartime
⦿ WW
II not as discriminatory as WW I
• Propaganda attacked politics, not people
• Sauerkraut is well… sauerkraut
Quick Draw McDraw
Left side of the room draw
The New Deal
Right side of the room draw
The Roaring Twenties
Japanese Americans in Wartime
⦿ Exception…
⦿ Japanese
Americans
• Already viewed suspiciously…then Pearl Harbor
• FDR Executive Order 9066
⚫relocation of Japanese from the West Coast
• 1943 policy relaxed for Japanese Americans
⚫College, workforce, military
• 1944 Korematsu v. U. S.
⚫upheld Internment Camps
Chinese Americans In Wartime
⦿ 1943
U. S. repeals Chinese Exclusion Act
• Chinese Americans took jobs or drafted
Election of 1944
⦿ FDR
focus on victory (war), not reform
⦿ Repubs gain seats in Congress
• Unemployment not an issue
• Dismantle New Deal programs
⦿ Dems
go w/ FDR (and Truman)
⦿ Repubs go w/ Dewey
⦿ Despite health, FDR wins and hold Senate and
House power
The Defeat of the Axis
⦿ 1944
Allies bombing the beegeezeez out of
Germany
⦿ Luftwaffe retreat
The Defeat of the Axis
⦿ D-Day
• After 2 year build-up
• June 6, 1944: Invasion at Normandy
⚫Supreme Allied Commander Gen. Dwight Eisenhower
• Sept. 1944 Germans pushed out of France and Belgium
• Germans counter-offensive in Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes
Forest)
The Defeat of the Axis
⦿ Soviets
advanced on Eastern front
• allowed Allies to cross Rhine
• Play a key role after the war
⦿ April
30, Hitler commits suicide
⦿ May 8, 1945…V-E Day
The Defeat of the Axis
⦿ U.
S. crippling Japanese shipping and econ. in Pacific
⦿ Japan disrupting Gen. Stilwell’s Burma Road
• Going through China, China not really stopping Japan
The Defeat of the Axis
⦿ U.
S. island hopping
• Mariana, Iwo Jima, Okinawa
⚫Japanese still employing Kamikaze
⦿ Japan
divided
• Gov’t and people wanted peace
• Military leaders wanted to continue fighting
The Defeat of the Axis
⦿ Manhattan
Project
• U. S. and GB learn of Nazi work on A-bomb
• 1930’s Fermi and uranium radioactivity
• Einstein theory of relativity
• Army takes over…$billions spent
• Robert Oppenheimer
⚫July 16, 1945 Trinity (plutonium bomb) detonated at Los Alamos
The Defeat of the Axis
⦿ Harry
S. Truman “The buck stops here!”
• Gives Japan an Aug. 3 1945 deadline
• “unconditional surrender” or annihilation
• Gov’t not able to convince military leaders
The Defeat of the Axis
⦿ Hiroshima
and Nagasaki:
• Aug. 6, Enola Gay dropped “Little Boy” on Hiroshima
⚫80,000 dead
• Aug. 8, Bockscar dropped “Fat Man” on Nagasaki
⚫100,000 dead
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZnRD3-Sg2I
The Defeat of the Axis
⦿ Why
did the US drop the bombs?
• Truman, swell up to Stalin and Soviets
• save American and Japanese lives
⦿ Sept.
2, 1945 V-J Day…end of World War II