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organism population community ecosystem biosphere Population Ecology AP Biology Life takes place in populations Population group of individuals of same species in same area at same time rely on same resources interact interbreed AP Biology Ecology: What factors affect a population? Population Why Population Ecology? Scientific goal understanding the factors that influence the size of populations general principles specific cases Practical goal management of populations increase population size endangered species decrease population size pests maintain population size fisheries management AP Biology maintain & maximize sustained yield Factors that affect Population Size Abiotic factors sunlight & temperature precipitation / water soil / nutrients Biotic factors other living organisms prey (food) competitors predators, parasites, disease Intrinsic factors AP Biology adaptations Characterizing a Population Describing a population population range pattern of spacing density size of population 1970 1966 1964 1960 1965 1961 Equator 1958 1951 1943 1937 1956 1970 Immigration from Africa ~1900 range AP Biology density Population Range Geographical limitations abiotic & biotic factors temperature, rainfall, food, predators, etc. habitat adaptations to polar biome AP Biology adaptations to rainforest biome Changes in range Range expansions & contractions changing environment aspen oak, maple 15,000 years ago glacial period Alpine tundra Elevation (km) 3 km Spruce-fir forests white birch Alpine tundra sequoia Present Spruce-fir forests Mixed conifer forest Woodlands 2 km Mixed conifer forest 1 km Woodlands Grassland, chaparral, and desert scrub Grassland, chaparral, 0 km AP Biology and desert scrub result of competition At risk populations Endangered species limitations to range / habitat places species at risk Devil’s hole pupfish Iiwi Hawaiian bird Socorro isopod Iriomote cat New Guinea tree kangaroo Catalina Island mahogany tree AP Biology Northern white rhinoceros Population Spacing Dispersal patterns within a population Provides insight into the environmental associations & social interactions of individuals in population clumped random AP Biology uniform
