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Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics Overview In this chapter, students will learn to recognise the major tectonic plates on a world map. Students will relate earthquakes and volcanoes to movement at plate boundaries and consider the role of heat energy and convection in plate movement. They will discuss and evaluate evidence that supports the theory of plate tectonics and use plate tectonics to explain why Australia is geologically old and stable. Students will investigate how the theory of plate tectonics developed, how modern technologies are used in mapping plate movements and understand how living near plate boundaries affects people. Strand Content description and elaborations Science Understanding EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES The theory of plate tectonics explains global patterns of geological activity and continental movement: recognising the major plates on a world map modelling seafloor spreading relating the occurrence of earthquakes and volcanic activity to constructive and destructive plate boundaries considering the role of heat energy and convection currents in the movement of tectonic plates relating the extreme age and stability of a large part of the Australian continent to its plate tectonic history Science as a Human Endeavour NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE Scientific understanding, including models and theories, are contestable and are refined over time through a process of review by the scientific community investigating how the theory of plate tectonics developed, based on evidence from seafloor spreading and occurrence of earthquakes and volcanic activity Advances in scientific understanding often rely on developments in technology, and technological advances are often linked to scientific discoveries investigating technologies involved in the mapping of continental movement Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics USE AND INFLENCE OF SCIENCE People can use scientific knowledge to evaluate whether they should accept claims, explanations or predictions describing how science is used in the media to explain a natural event or justify actions The values and needs of contemporary society can influence the focus of scientific research investigating contemporary science issues related to living in a Pacific country located near plate boundaries, e.g. Japan, Indonesia, New Zealand Science Inquiry Skills QUESTIONING AND PREDICTING Formulate questions or hypotheses that can be investigated scientifically using Internet research to identify problems that can be investigated evaluating information from secondary sources as part of the research process developing ideas from students’ own or others' investigations and experiences to investigate further PLANNING AND CONDUCTING Plan, select and use appropriate investigation methods, including field work and laboratory experimentation, to collect reliable data; assess risk and address ethical issues associated with these methods combining research using primary and secondary sources with students’ own experimental investigation using modelling and simulations, including the use of digital technology to investigate situations and events Select and use appropriate equipment, including digital technologies, to systematically and accurately collect and record data explaining the choice of variables to be controlled, changed and measured in an investigation learning specific skills for the use of scientific instruments considering the potential hazards of chemicals or biological materials used in experimental investigations describing specific safety precautions required for investigations Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics PROCESSING INFORMATION Analyse patterns and trends in data, including the description of relationships between variables and the identification of inconsistencies designing and constructing appropriate graphs to represent data and analysing graphs for trends and patterns calculating means and ranges from data and considering the distribution of sets of quantitative data using spreadsheets to present data in tables and graphical forms and to carry out mathematical analyses on data Use knowledge of scientific concepts to draw conclusions that are consistent with evidence comparing conclusions with earlier predictions and reviewing scientific understanding where appropriate suggesting more than one possible explanation of the data presented EVALUATING Evaluate conclusions, including identifying sources of uncertainty and possible alternative explanations, and describe specific ways to improve the quality of the data distinguishing between random and systematic errors and how these can affect investigation results Critically analyse the validity of information in secondary sources and evaluate the approaches used to solve problems explaining why suggested changes will improve the accuracy of investigations researching the methods used by scientists in studies reported in the media describing how scientific arguments are used to make decisions regarding personal and community issues Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics COMMUNICATING Communicate scientific ideas and information for a particular purpose, including the construction of evidence-based arguments and the use of appropriate scientific language, conventions and representations presenting results and ideas using formal experimental reports, oral presentations, slide shows, poster presentations and contributing to group discussions using secondary sources as well as students’ own findings to help explain a scientific concept using the Internet to facilitate collaboration in joint projects and discussions Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics Unit 10.1 Moving continents Strand Content description and elaborations Suggested teaching and learning strategies Pearson science 9 resources Science Understanding EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES The theory of plate tectonics explains global patterns of geological activity and continental movement modelling seafloor spreading considering the role of heat energy and convection currents in the movement of tectonic plates Video – Diving toward divergence Pearson Reader Continental drift Introduce continental drift. SB: p316 Seafloor spreading Explain the seafloor spreading using plate tectonics. SB: p317 Magnetic striping Patterns in rocks from magnetic changes can be observed using magnetic striping. Explain how this works. SB: p318 science4fun – Making a compass SB: p318 science4fun Support for Hess’s theory Explain Hess’s theory for sea floor spreading age of the sea floor sediment thickness SB: p319 How plates move Discuss the history and debates still occurring in explaining how the plates move. SB: p319 Rifting and continental drift Use the Teacher Companion extension activities to investigate how continental drift works. SB: p320 Activity Book 10.1 – Rebuilding Gondwana AB: 10.1 Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 Register Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics Science as a Human Endeavour Science Inquiry Skills NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE Scientific understanding, including models and theories, are contestable and are refined over time through a process of review by the scientific community investigating how the theory of plate tectonics developed, based on evidence from seafloor spreading and occurrence of earthquakes and volcanic activity Activity Book 10.2 – Magnetic evidence AB: 10.2 Prac 1 – Magnetic striping SB: p322 Prac 1 Prac 2 – Convection Inquiring questions 1–3 SB: p323 Prac 2 SB: p321 Inquiring unit review Prac 1 – Magnetic striping SB: p322 Prac 1 Activity Book 10.1 – Rebuilding Gondwana AB: 10.1 Activity Book 10.2 – Magnetic evidence AB: 10.2 QUESTIONING AND PREDICTING Formulate questions or hypotheses that can be investigated scientifically evaluating information from Activity Book 10.1 – Rebuilding Gondwana secondary sources as part of the research process AB: 10.1 SB: p323 Prac 2 PLANNING AND CONDUCTING Plan, select and use appropriate investigation methods, including field work and laboratory experimentation, to collect reliable data; assess risk and address ethical issues associated with these methods Prac 2 – Convection Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics combining research using primary and secondary sources with students’ own experimental investigation using modelling and simulations, including the use of digital technology to investigate situations and events PROCESSING INFORMATION Analyse patterns and trends in data, including describing relationships between variables and identifying inconsistencies. Use knowledge of scientific concepts to draw conclusions that are consistent with evidence comparing conclusions with earlier predictions and reviewing scientific understanding where appropriate Prac 1 – Magnetic striping SB: p322 Prac 1 Prac 2 – Convection SB: p323 Prac 2 Activity Book 10.1 – Rebuilding Gondwana AB: 10.1 Prac 2 – Convection SB: p323 Prac 2 Activity Book 10.2 – Magnetic evidence AB: 10.2 Activity Book 10.1 – Rebuilding Gondwana AB: 10.1 EVALUATING Critically analyse the validity of information in secondary sources and evaluate the approaches used to solve problems Activity Book 10.1 – Rebuilding Gondwana researching the methods used by scientists in studies reported in the media Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 AB: 10.1 Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics COMMUNICATING Communicate scientific ideas and information for a particular purpose, including the construction of evidencebased arguments and the use of appropriate scientific language, conventions and representations using secondary sources as well as Activity Book 10.1 – Rebuilding Gondwana students’ own findings to help explain a scientific concept Unit assessment AB: 10.1 Complete selected unit review questions SB: p321 Unit review Research portfolio SB: p321 Inquiring Q1–3 Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics Unit 10.2 Plate movements Strand Content description and elaborations Suggested teaching and learning strategies Pearson science 9 resources Science Understanding EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES The theory of plate tectonics explains global patterns of geological activity and continental movement: recognising the major plates on a world map modelling seafloor spreading relating the extreme age and stability of a large part of the Australian continent to its plate tectonic history. Interactive Lesson – Tectonic plates Interactive Activities – Tectonic plates Plate boundaries Pearson Reader Types of crust Discuss the oceanic and continental crusts. SB: p324 Where are the plates? Discuss the size of the tectonic plates. SB: p325 Types of plate movement Introduce the three forms of plate movement: diverging, converging and transform. Use the images to explain each form of boundary. SB: p325 Pangaea break–up Use the figures to describe the process of Pangaea break up. SB: p328 science4fun – Plates and currents SB: p329 science4fun Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 Register Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics Australia breaks from Antarctica Based on the current understanding of the way the plates moved and the land masses formed, Australia was originally closer to Antarctica. SB: p328 Discuss how this has changed including looking at: current and tectonic plates flora and fauna Science as a Human Endeavour NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE Scientific understanding, including models and theories, are contestable and are refined over time through a process of review by the scientific community investigating how the theory of plate tectonics developed, based on evidence from seafloor spreading and occurrence of earthquakes and volcanic activity Activity Book 10.3 – Tectonics, flora and fauna AB: 10.3 Prac 1 – Paper plate tectonics SB: p332 Prac 1 Prac 2 – Types of crust SB: p332 Prac 2 Measuring the speed of tectonic plates Explain how a Global Positioning System can be used to measure the speed of tectonic plates. Use the teacher companion activities for students to investigate further. SB: p330 SHE Teacher Companion Activity Book 10.4 – Measuring the speed of tectonic plates AB: 10.4 Inquiring questions 1–6 SB: p331 Inquiring unit review Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics Science Inquiry Skills QUESTIONING AND PREDICTING Formulate questions or hypotheses that Prac 2 – Types of crust can be investigated scientifically evaluating information from secondary sources as part of the research process developing ideas from students’ own or others’ investigations and experiences to investigate further PLANNING AND CONDUCTING Plan, select and use appropriate investigation methods, including field work and laboratory experimentation, to collect reliable data; assess risk and address ethical issues associated with these methods combining research using primary and secondary sources with students’ own experimental investigation using modelling and simulations, including the use of digital technology to investigate situations and events Select and use appropriate equipment, including digital technologies, to systematically and accurately collect and record data learning specific skills for the use of scientific instruments SB: p332 Prac 2 Prac 2 – Types of crust SB: p332 Prac 2 Prac 1 – Paper plate tectonics SB: p332 Prac 1 Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics PROCESSING INFORMATION Analyse patterns and trends in data, including describing relationships between variables and identifying inconsistencies calculating means and ranges from data and considering the distribution of sets of quantitative data Use knowledge of scientific concepts to draw conclusions that are consistent with evidence comparing conclusions with earlier predictions and reviewing scientific understanding where appropriate Prac 2 – Types of crust Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 SB: p332 Prac 2 Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics COMMUNICATING Communicate scientific ideas and information for a particular purpose, including the construction of evidencebased arguments and the use of appropriate scientific language, conventions and representations presenting results and ideas using formal experimental reports, oral Prac 2 – Types of crust presentations, slide shows, poster presentations and contributing to group discussions using secondary sources as well as students’ own findings to help explain a scientific concept Unit assessment SB: p332 Prac 2 Complete selected unit review questions SB: p331 Unit review Research portfolio SB: p331 Inquiring Q1–6 (do 3) Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics Unit 10.3 Volcanoes and earthquakes Strand Content description and elaborations Suggested teaching and learning strategies Pearson science 9 resources Science Understanding EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES The theory of plate tectonics explains global patterns of geological activity and continental movement relating the occurrence of earthquakes and volcanic activity to constructive and destructive plate boundaries considering the role of heat energy and convection currents in the movement of tectonic plates relating the extreme age and stability of a large part of the Australian continent to its plate tectonic history Interactive Lesson – Tectonic movements, earthquakes and volcanoes Interactive Activities – Tectonic movements, earthquakes and volcanoes Erupting volcanoes Videos – Why quakes shake Why some volcanoes explode Pearson Reader Volcanic eruptions Discuss the material ejected from volcanoes and the different types of magma, lava and pyroclastic flow. Relate explosive eruptions to the nature of the magma. SB: p333 Where do volcanoes form? Relate the placement of volcanoes to the plate tectonics. Show how there are: volcanoes at the edges explosive eruptions hot spot volcanoes. What causes an earthquake? Explain how an earthquake occurs and discuss how this is related to either a major plate boundary or a fault within a boundary. Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 SB: p334 SB: p336 Register Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics Detecting earthquakes Seismic waves come from earthquakes and travel through the ground. Explain these types of waves and how they are measured. SB: p336 Prac 1 – Model volcanoes SB: p341 Prac 1 Prac 2 – Seismometers SB: p341 Prac 2 Where earthquakes occur Relate the placement of earthquakes to the plate tectonics. Explain the difference between the epicentres and foci. Investigate how building design is considered in high risk areas to reduce issues from earthquakes. SB: p337 Teacher Companion Effects of earthquakes Discuss recent earthquake effects in the news. Use Teacher Companion activities to investigate and learn more about earthquakes and tsunamis. SB: p338 Activity Book 10.5 – Tsunami! AB: 10.5 Activity Book 10.6 – Structure of the Earth AB: 10.6 Prac 3 – Earthquakes and buildings SB: p342 Prac 3 Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics Science as a Human Endeavour NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE Scientific understanding, including models and theories, are contestable and are refined over time through a process of review by the scientific community investigating how the theory of plate tectonics developed, based on evidence from seafloor spreading and occurrence of earthquakes and volcanic activity USE AND INFLUENCE OF SCIENCE The values and needs of contemporary society can influence the focus of scientific research investigating contemporary science issues related to living in a Pacific country located near plate boundaries, e.g. Japan, Indonesia, New Zealand Science Inquiry Skills Structure of the Earth Scientists have researched and investigated the structure of the Earth using seismic waves mineralogy knowledge of the crust SB: p339 SHE Discuss what these things tell us about the structure and how science can use the information to further the understanding. Extension activities in the Teacher Companion. Teacher Companion Activity Book 10.6 – Structure of the Earth AB: 10.6 Activity Book 10.5 – Tsunami! AB: 10.5 Inquiring question 5 SB: p340 Inquiring unit review Prac 3 – Earthquakes and buildings SB: p342 Prac 3 QUESTIONING AND PREDICTING Formulate questions or hypotheses that Prac 3 – Earthquakes and buildings can be investigated scientifically using Internet research to identify problems that can be investigated evaluating information from secondary sources as part of the Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 SB: p342 Prac 3 Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics research process developing ideas from students’ own or others’ investigations and experiences to investigate further PLANNING AND CONDUCTING Plan, select and use appropriate investigation methods, including field work and laboratory experimentation, to collect reliable data; assess risk and address ethical issues associated with these methods combining research using primary and secondary sources with students’ own experimental investigation using modelling and simulations, including using digital technology to investigate situations and events Select and use appropriate equipment, including digital technologies, to systematically and accurately collect and record data explaining the choice of variables to be controlled, changed and measured in an investigation describing specific safety precautions required for investigations Prac 2 – Seismometers SB: p341 Prac 2 Prac 3 – Earthquakes and buildings SB: p342 Prac 3 Prac 2 – Seismometers SB: p341 Prac 2 Prac 3 – Earthquakes and buildings SB: p342 Prac 3 Prac 3 – Earthquakes and buildings SB: p342 Prac 3 Prac 2 – Seismometers SB: p341 Prac 2 Prac 2 – Seismometers SB: p341 Prac 2 Prac 3 – Earthquakes and buildings SB: p342 Prac 3 Prac 3 – Earthquakes and buildings SB: p342 Prac 3 Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics PROCESSING INFORMATION Analyse patterns and trends in data, including the description of relationships between variables and identification of inconsistencies designing and constructing appropriate graphs to represent data and analysing graphs for trends and patterns Use knowledge of scientific concepts to draw conclusions that are consistent with evidence comparing conclusions with earlier predictions and reviewing scientific understanding where appropriate suggesting more than one possible explanation of the data presented Prac 2 – Seismometers SB: p341 Prac 2 Prac 3 – Earthquakes and buildings SB: p342 Prac 3 Prac 3 – Earthquakes and buildings SB: p342 Prac 3 Prac 3 – Earthquakes and buildings SB: p342 Prac 3 Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics EVALUATING Evaluate conclusions, including the identification of sources of uncertainty and possible alternative explanations, and description of specific ways to improve the quality of the data distinguishing between random and systematic errors and how Prac 3 – Earthquakes and buildings these can affect investigation results Critically analyse the validity of information in secondary sources and evaluate the approaches used to solve problems explaining why suggested changes will improve the accuracy of investigations researching the methods used by scientists in studies reported in the media describing how scientific arguments are used to make decisions regarding personal and community issues Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 SB: p342 Prac 3 Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics COMMUNICATING Communicate scientific ideas and information for a particular purpose, including the construction of evidencebased arguments and the use of appropriate scientific language, conventions and representations presenting results and ideas using formal experimental reports, oral presentations, slide shows, poster presentations and contributing to group discussions using secondary sources as well as students’ own findings to help explain a scientific concept Unit assessment Complete selected unit review questions SB: p340 Unit review Research portfolio SB: p340 Inquiring Q1–5 (do 3) Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics Chapter Review Suggested teaching and learning strategies Pearson science 9 resources Complete the Chapter review questions at the end of the chapter SB: p343 Chapter review Complete the Thinking scientifically questions at the end of the chapter SB: p344 Thinking scientifically Reteach and relearn Teacher Companion Quick quiz (revision) Teacher Companion Interactive quiz Pearson Reader Activity Book 10.7 – Literacy review AB: 10.7 Review glossary of terms introduced in the chapter SB: p345 Glossary Chapter Test Pearson Reader Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6 Register Pearson science 9 Teaching Program 3–4 weeks Chapter 10 Plate tectonics Program review and evaluation Topic Modifications required in program Additional practicals and skill development Assessment for learning strategies Projects undertaken Websites Copyright © Pearson Australia 2012 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 978 1 4425 2361 6