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Faculty ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Subdepartment ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
YEARLY PROJECT
EXPLANATORY NOTE
Digital divider with switchable coefficient of division
(topic of the project)
Bases of electrical circuits
(subject)
Project manager ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(groop, signature, date, surname,name)
Student ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(groop, signature, date, surname,name)
Kharkiv 2011
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TASK
1. TTL TTL-sh description integrated series and give symbols of main chips
2. Characteristics and parameters of TTL TTL-sh
3. Analise an give analogs of Soviet and foreign integral series, give main types
of microschemes
4. Designing of coplex cirquits for CT, RG MUX
5. Designing of digital divider with switchable coefficient of division
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CONTAINING
CHAPTER 1 TTL chips series ……………………………………………. (5 - 29)
CHAPTER 2 Chips Raman-type low degree of integration………………...(20-25)
CHAPTER 3 Chips such as sequential type…………………………………( 26-37)
CHAPTER 4 Multiplexers…………………………………………………..( 38-40)
CHAPTER 5 Description the device for formation of any pulse sequences..(41-47)
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FOREWORD.
The
widespread
radio work associated
with
introduction
the
of digital
emergence of
technology
integrated
in amateur
circuits.
Digital
devices, raised on discrete transistors and diodes, have considerable size and weight,
reliably worked for a
large
number
of elements,
and especially of
solder
joints. Integrated circuits, containing in its composition tens, hundreds, thousands,
and in recent years, many hundreds of thousands and even millions of components,
have allowed a new approach to designing and manufacturing digital devices. The
reliability of a single chip is only slightly dependent on the number of elements and is
close to the reliability of a single transistor, and the power consumption in terms
of individual component decreases sharply with increasing degree of integration.
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1. TTL chips series
1. Overview
To build automation and computer technology are widely used digital Kseries chips 155, which are made by the standard technology of bipolar chip
transistor-transistor logic (TTL).There are over 100 kinds of chips to a series of
155. For all its advantages - high speed, wide range, good noise immunity - these
chips have a high power consumption. So they replaced the chip produced a series of
K555, the fundamental difference between them - the use of transistors with the
collector junction, shunted Schottky diodes. As a result, transistors, ICs K555 series
are not in saturation, which significantly reduces the delay off transistors. In addition,
they are much smaller, which reduces the capacity of p-n-junctions. As a result, while
maintaining performance chip series K555 K155 series at the level it was possible to
reduce the power consumption of approximately 4 ... 5 times. Further development of
the series TTL chips - chip design series KR1533. The main operational difference
between them from a series of schemes K555 - 1.5 ... 2 times less power consumption
while maintaining and improving performance. The average propagation delay
element chip series K155, K555, KR1533 about 15 ... 20 ns. In cases that require
higher performance, use circuits series KR531. For comparison, the main parameters
in Table. 1 shows the values of the average power consumption of PCP and the
average delay spread tz.sr TTL circuits the series, as well as the standard values of the
input and output Iout Iin current and load-carrying capacity of these N series
chips. Some devices allow large output currents and have a greater load capacity than
specified in the Table. 1. Part of the chips (especially the series KR531) are also
different from the standard input currents. These differences are specifically listed
below. Standard output levels of the log. An average 2.4 ... 2.7 V, log. 0 -0.36 ... 0.5
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V. Chips manufactured in plastic housings with 8, 14, 16, 20, 24, 28-pin, the
temperature range of their performance: -10 ... +70 ° C. Part of the chip series K155
and K555 are produced in ceramic packages (their designation KM155 KM555 and),
the temperature range of performance of such chips -45 ... +85 ° C. In Fig. Figure 1
shows the output voltage from the input to the inverting logic elements mentioned
series of chips at a temperature of 20 C. As for the switching threshold receives an
input voltage at which the output is equal to it, it is easy to find on these dependences
as a point of intersection with VOUT = Vin. The figure shows that the chips have the
greatest series KR1533 switching threshold - 1.52 V and, consequently, the highest
noise immunity. This series are composed of the same type of chips with the same
number after a series of alphanumeric symbols. The logic of the same type of chips,
with rare exception, noted below, the same. KR531 series chips that had previously
been in the designation letter "P", and had a notation at the end of the letter <<P>>,
for example K531LAZP. In Table.Figure 2 shows the designation of most of these
chips, functionality, pin number of the case, the average power consumption, the
average propagation delay and the figure number, which provides a graphic symbol of
the chip. In the functional purpose of the letters mean: OK - devices have open
collector output, MA - open emitter, Z - outputs may be converted into a high
impedance state. In developing the schematics of devices the question always arises:
what to do with unused inputs, integrated circuits. If the logic of the input must
submit a log. 0, then it is connected to ground, if the log. 1 - possible options.
First, the unused inputs can be chip series K155 will not connect, that is to
fluster the minimum contact area to which the (important) is not connected to any
wires. But this is somewhat reduced speed circuits. For series K555 microcircuits,
KR531, KR1533 leave unconnected inputs are not allowed.
Second, it is possible to connect unused inputs to the inputs used by the
same element, but it increases the load on the chip, the signal source, which also
reduces performance.
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Third, you can connect the unused inputs chip series K155 and KR531 to
the output inverting element whose inputs at the same time you need to connect to
ground.
Finally, we can combine the unused inputs of these series circuits and
connect them to a power source +5 V through resistor 1 k (up to 20 inputs to a single
resistor). Inputs chip series K555 and KR1533 can be connected to a power source +5
V directly. It is unacceptable to connect to the input circuit conductor that is at work
may not be unconnected to the output of the signal source, such as the management of
a button or switch, as it dramatically reduces the noise immunity of the device. These
wires must be connected to a source of +5 V through resistor 1 k (up to 20 inputs to a
single resistor).Inputs chip series K555 and KR1533 can be connected to a power
source +5 V directly. On printed circuit boards using the chip series K155, K555,
KR1533, you must install blocking capacitors between +5 V and-chain to ground.
Their number is determined by one or two capacitors 0.033 ... 0.15 mV for
every five chips. Capacitors should be placed on the board evenly as possible. They
should also be set close to all the chips with power output (eg, K155LA6) or with a
power consumption of more than 0.5 Watts. KR531 series chips require special
attention when wiring circuit and the common wire. In the manufacture of industrial
devices on chips that use a series of multilayer printed circuit boards, one of the layers
are used as the common wire, the other - as a power bus. If you use a dual-layer
boards, power bus and perform common wire mounted in a brass band width of about
5 mm, ceramic bypass capacitors capacity of 0.047 microfarad ... 0.15 fluster directly
to these buses (one capacitor for one or two chips). In amateur conditions can be one
side of the PCB using a common wire, the other - under the signal lines and a power
cord, of course, this will have to install a lot of jumpers and each chip decoupling
capacitor. As a rule, the power supply circuits lead to the conclusion with the
maximum number, the total wire - to the conclusion that half the room.
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The cases are exceptions to this rule are given in Table. 3.Series K555
microcircuits and KR1533 can be used instead of similar to 155 series chipset, and
with them, it should be borne in mind that their load-carrying capacity on chip series
K155 is 5. KR531 series chips should be used only in case of need high performance,
since they create a large noise level, which are particularly sensitive K555 series
chips, and consumes more power. Digital circuits on the functions are divided into
two great classes - combinational and sequential. The first are chips that do not have
internal memory (state of the outputs of these chips is uniquely determined by the
levels of input signals at a given time). The second - chip output status is determined
not only the levels of input signals at a given time, but the sequence of states in recent
times due to the presence of internal memory. For combinational logic circuits are
simple AND-NOT, AND-OR-NOT, NOT, NOR, AND, OR, more complex elements
- decoders, multiplexers, adders modulo 2, full adders, code converters for sevensegment and dot matrix indicators encoders, programmable read-only memories,
converters binary-coded decimal to binary and back, unidirectional and bidirectional
buffer elements, majority valves, Schmitt trigger, which, however, have an internal
memory and can be applied to sequential circuits, as well as some others. For
sequential circuits are flip-flops, counters, shift registers, random access memory and
other chips. Single shot can not be assigned unambiguously to either of these classes
as well as the internal memory of the chip remembers the change of input signals for a
limited time, after which the status of the outputs IC may not depend on anything. The
same applies to the generator circuits.
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Picture 1.1 Dependence of the output voltage from the input to inverter series TTL.
Table 1.1
Temperature range of performance chips.
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Table 1.2
Identification and specification of TTL microschemes.
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Continuation of Table 1.2
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Continuation of Table 1.2
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Continuation of Table 1.2
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Continuation of Table 1.2
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Continuation of Table 1.2
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Continuation of Table 1.2
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Continuation of Table 1.2
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Continuation of Table 1.2
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Continuation of Table 1.2
Table 1.3
TTL chips power pins
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2. Chips Raman-type low degree of integration
There are many types of chips TTL low level of integration, which differ
in functionality, load
capacity, the
output
stage circuit. The
work
of
the
logical elements of these circuits is quite simple. For the elements and the output level
of the log. 1 is formed by applying to all levels of the element input log. 1 for an item
or to create a log level. 1 at the output is sufficient supply for at least one entrylevel log. 1. NAND (the
main
element
NOR extrainverted output
signal, an
of
the series
AND-OR-NOT
consists
elements and whose outputs are connected to the input of the NOR.
Picture 2.1 Buffer circuits
TTL) and the
of
several
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Picture 2.2 K555AP4 chip as a bidirectional buffer
Picture 2.3 Schmitt triggers
Picture 2.4 Pulse shaper for initial setup and the pulse generator to trigger the Schmidt
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Picture 2.5 Chips 2AND-NOT
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Picture 2.6 NOR chips
Picture 2.7 Chips AND
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Picture 2.8 Chips OR
Picture 2.9 Chips NOT
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Picture 2.10 Chips AND-OR-NOT and AND-OR-expanders
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3. Chips such as sequential type.
Chips sequential type, as
already
mentioned,are
characterized
by memory. Record information in the memory of these chips orchange information
contained therein is pulses.Inputs chips for pulsing the records can bestatic or
dynamic. Static inputs are characterized by the momentum, filed for this entry is valid
for as long as it is filed. As a rule, ittriggers a reset input, counters and registers,
inputs, preset gating.
3.1
Triggers ( маленькими)
The basis of sequential digital patterns aredifferent types of triggers that can
be
usedindependently or
as
part
of the
counters,
registers,
etc. Triggers TTL chips differ in theirabilities. The so-called JK-flip-flops and DTM2can work in the counting mode, ie change its state to the contrary on every
pulse arriving at the inverting input trigger. Triggers other chipsmay work only in the
storage of information,write to them at the time of the clock. In Fig. 16 shows
the graphical notation described further triggers.
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Picture 3.1 Triggers
Picture 3.2 Suppressor bounce on a chipK155TR2
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3.2. Counters
The structure of the considered series TTL chips, includes a large number of
counters and frequency dividers, which differ in their properties.
Picture 3.3 Microcircuit К155ИЕ1
Picture 3.4 Microcircuits К155ИЕ2, К155ИЕ4, К155ИЕ5
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Picture 3.5 Frequency divider over 10 and the chip K155IE4diagram of his work
Picture 3.6 Microcircuits ИЕ6 and ИЕ7
Picture 3.7Microcircuit К155ИЕ8
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Picture 3.8 Microcircuit ИЕ9
Picture 3.9 Divider with division ratiocontrolled
Picture 3.10 Microcircuits ИЕ10 and ИЕ11
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Picture 3.11Microcircuits КР1533ИЕ12 and КР1533ИЕ13
Picture 3.12 Microcircuits ИЕ14 and ИЕ15
Picture 3.14 Microcircuits ИЕ16 and ИЕ17
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3.3
Registers.
The registers can be divided into two classes - the shifting and storing
information.
In
turn,
storage registers are "transparent", clocked
and synchronous, clocked edge of the pulse.
Picture 3.15 Microcircuits ТМ5 and ТМ7
Picture 3.16Microcircuits ТМ8 and ТМ9
pulse
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Picture 3.17 Chips of shift registers
Picture 3.18 Microcircuit КР531ИР12
Picture 3.19Microcircuits КР531ИР18 and КР531ИР19
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Picture 3.20 Microcircuits ИР22 and ИР23
Picture 3.21 Microcircuits КР1533ИР34 and КР1533ИР38
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Picture 3.22: Microcircuit К555ИР35
3.4 Decoders and Encoders
Of the chips in the development of the Raman-type devices are widely
used digital decoders, their range is quite varied.
Picture 3.23 Connection of two chips ИВ1
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Picture 3.24 Microcircuit ИД3
Picture 3.25 Microcircuit ИД4 and ИД5
Picture 3.26 Decoder on 8 outputs with gated
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Picture 3.27 Decoder on 16 outputs
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4 Multiplexers.
Widely used in digital devices are integrated circuits multiplexers used
to switch binary signals.
Picture 4.1 Chip multiplexers
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Picture 4.2 Scheme of connection of two deviders K155IE8
Picture 4.3 Counter with the possibility of a shift in the direction of senior level
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Picture 4.4 Connection of chips К531ИР12
Picture 4.5 IE16 in connection chip counter for maximum performance
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