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S Grade General Terms These terms are listed alphabetically. Remember that all the Foundation terms may also be included in exams at this level. General Terms Alphabetically AB ABA Binary (AB) - 2 parts to the piece. Ternary(ABA) - musical sandwich Anacrusis - a lead in, extra bit at the start of a piece Arpeggio - notes of a chord played separately -guitar Bending - pitch bends, e.g. on a guitar Binary (AB) Ternary (ABA or AABA) Blues, Ragtime, Swing - Listen! Canon - same tune starts again e.g. Frere Jacques Ceilidh band - Scottish, fiddle, flute, guitar, drum kit Chamber Music - small groups, often indoors, one player per part Change of key - Listen! Chords I IV V - Listen! Chords, Cluster - Chord/pleasant, Cluster/discord Compound time - beat moves in groups of 3 Concerto, symphony - concerto=one clear solo instrument; symphony = large orchestra Contrary motion - sounds go in different directions Crescendo/Diminuendo - gradually louder/softer Descant – high singing above the tune/song Down/up beat - watch and listen! Drone - continuous note, e.g. in Bagpipes Distortion, reverb , delay - guitar effects Electronic drums - as opposed to live! Fanfare - triumphant announcement, often in brass at the start of a big event Gaelic psalms -in Gaelic, no instruments, hymns Gamelan - Indonesian; listen for temple bells Ghanaian drum ensemble - African drumming Imitation - not quite the same phrase, can sound like question and answer Improvisation - made up as you go along : Jazz/guitar Individual instruments - recognise each one! Jig - Scottish, fast groups of 3 (3 letters in Jig) Latin Percussion -samba band, salsa music Middle eight - contrasting part of a song in the middle, usually lasts 8 bars Mouth music - Scottish imitation of bagpipes for dancing Opera/Musical - a play set to music, with solos and choruses. Opera =Italian, Musical= Duns opera (Oliver) Ornament - an extra note/notes at the beginning of a note Programme - music which tries to paint a picture or tell a story Rolls - as in a side drum roll Romantic - large orchestra, sweeping tunes, sounds like emotional music Rondo - a multiple sandwich - ABACADA Salsa - Latin dance, Brazilian feel Samba - Latin dance Scales - Pentatonic=5 notes, Major=cheerful, Minor=sad, Chromatic=all the steps in between Scat singing - nonsense words, often jazz but can be Scottish Scots ballad, Bothy ballad - Scots=slow scots song Bothy=rough song about farmers Semitone - closest distance between two notes Slow air - slow melody, often Scots, on a fiddle Accelerando,Rallentando, Rubato -Accel=gradually faster, rall=gradually slower, Rubato=bit of both! Syncopation - off beat effect, often in jazz Theme - a recognisable tune/melody Theme and variations - composer uses a theme and treats it in different ways Major/minor - Major=cheery,bright Minor=sad Tone - two semitones distance Vamp - Scottish ‘oom-pah’ effect, usually on piano Variation - different treatment of a theme S.A.T.B. - Soprano=highest female. Alto=low female Tenor= high male. Bass=low male Walking bass - bass sounds as if ir walks up and down, often in ‘swing’ music Waulking song - Gaelic women's voices, often a soloist and a chorus response. Often a steady beat can be heard.
