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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T6296A21947190 Dasyurus viverrinus, Eastern Quoll Assessment by: Burbidge, A.A. & Woinarski, J. View on www.iucnredlist.org Citation: Burbidge, A.A. & Woinarski, J. 2016. Dasyurus viverrinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T6296A21947190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20161.RLTS.T6296A21947190.en Copyright: © 2016 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Chordata Mammalia Dasyuromorphia Dasyuridae Taxon Name: Dasyurus viverrinus (Shaw, 1800) Synonym(s): • Didelphis viverrina Shaw, 1800 • Satanellus viverrinus (Shaw, 1800) Common Name(s): • English: • French: Eastern Quoll Chat marsupial moucheté Assessment Information Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered A2b ver 3.1 Year Published: 2016 Date Assessed: March 15, 2014 Justification: The Eastern Quoll is still widespread in Tasmania but spotlighting data demonstrate that its population size has declined by an estimated >50% over the past 10 years. Monitoring of subpopulations by trapping confirms a continuing decline, except that abundance remains relatively high on Bruny Island. The Eastern Quoll may be detrimentally affected by feral cat predation (especially if cats have increased, or increase in the future, following the severe decline of the Tasmanian Devil Sarcophilus harrisii), and dogs, land-use changes and road mortality. A severe impact on this species is projected if the Red Fox were to become established in Tasmania, but it is unlikely that foxes will become abundant, and hence quolls substantially reduced, within a 10-year timeframe. Previously Published Red List Assessments 2008 – Near Threatened (NT) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T6296A12600445.en 1996 – Lower Risk/near threatened (LR/nt) 1965 – Status inadequately known-survey required or data sought Geographic Range Range Description: The Eastern Quoll was previously widespread in mainland southeastern Australia including New South Wales (NSW NPWS 1993), Victoria (Menkhorst 1995) and eastern South Australia (Jones 2008). It became extinct on the mainland c. mid-1960s (Menkhorst 1995, Jones 2008, DPIPWE 2012), with © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyurus viverrinus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6296A21947190.en 1 sightings at Kew and Ivanhoe, Melbourne until the early 1960s, maybe later (P. Menkhorst pers. comm. 2014); the last confirmed mainland sighting being at Vaucluse (NSW) in 1963 (Dickman et al. 2001), and it is now restricted to Tasmania and Bruny Island (Tasmania). Rounsevell et al. (1991) recorded it in 30% of 10 km x 10 km grids in Tasmania and reported that it was not present in large tracts of rainforest. Jones et al. (2014) reported a high probability of occurrence over much of the eastern half and centralnorth coast of Tasmania, with areas of intermediate probability extending to about the eastern twothirds of the island and to the north-west of Tasmania, with isolated populations in the southwest. Similar results were found using MaxEnt climate modelling (Johnson et al. 2012, Fancourt et al. 2015). Eastern Quoll distribution is associated with low to moderate mean annual rainfall and includes a range of more open habitats, including open grassland (including farmland), tussock grassland, grassy woodland, dry eucalypt forest, coastal scrub and alpine heathland (Jones and Rose 1996, Jones and Barmuta 2000). It tends to be absent from large tracts of wet eucalypt forest and rainforest, unless these are adjacent to open and tussock grassland and heath. Country Occurrence: Native: Australia (New South Wales - Regionally Extinct, South Australia - Regionally Extinct, Tasmania, Victoria - Regionally Extinct) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyurus viverrinus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6296A21947190.en 2 Distribution Map Dasyurus viverrinus © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyurus viverrinus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6296A21947190.en 3 Population There is no robust assessment of population size, or that of individual subpopulations. Annual spotlight surveys, originally designed to monitor trends in the abundance of wallabies and possums, have been conducted in Tasmania between 1985 and 2011 by the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (Driessen and Hocking 1992, DPIPWE 2012, M. Driessen and G. Hocking pers. comm. 2014), with the number of transects increased to 132 following a review by Southwell and Fletcher (1990). Further transects were added between 1985 and 1990 with 150 transects being surveyed annually since 1990, with a core group of 42 transects being surveyed every year from 1975 to 2011; spotlighting methodology was standardized in 1985. Analysis by Fancourt et al. (2013) of spotlight surveys from 147 sites across Tasmania revealed a 52% reduction in the number of Eastern Quoll sightings over the 10 years to 2009. Declines of 61-100% were observed in trapping surveys at three study sites compared with trapping conducted 18-31 years earlier. A reduction in trap success was recorded in five of six non-target surveys, with declines of 51-100% over 1-12 years. Recent spotlight surveys do not reveal any recovery (B. Fancourt pers. comm. 2014). While trapping surveys tend to confirm the decline on the Tasmanian mainland, numbers captured on Bruny Island increased between 2010 and 2012 (B. Fancourt pers. comm. 2014). However, this subpopulation is presumed to be far smaller than that on the Tasmanian mainland, meaning that the species’ overall population trend is likely to be ongoing decline. Current Population Trend: Decreasing Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) The Eastern Quoll is largely solitary and is nocturnal and only occasionally forages or basks during daylight. It is found in a variety of habitats including rainforest, heathland, alpine areas and scrub. However, it prefers dry grassland and forest mosaics which are bounded by agricultural land, particularly where pasture grubs are common (Jones et al. 2013, DPIPWE 2012). During the day, animals sleep in nests made under rocks, in underground burrows or fallen logs. The Eastern Quoll is an opportunistic carnivore that takes live prey and scavenges. It is an impressive hunter, taking mammals such as rabbits, mice and rats, and small elapid snakes and skinks. They sometimes scavenge morsels of food from around feeding Tasmanian Devils Sarcophilus harrisii. However, the main component of its diet at lower altitudes is invertebrates, especially agricultural pests such as the cockchafer beetle and corbie grub. In alpine areas, invertebrates form a small component of the diet; carrion and some fruits are also eaten (Blackhall 1980, Godsell 1983, Jones and Barmuta 1998, DPIPWE 2012). Feral cats are well suited to taking quolls, as well as the prey that quolls eat. Predation and direct competition potentially force the Eastern Quoll from its natural habitat. Feral cat numbers may have increased in Tasmania coinciding with the rapid decline of the Tasmanian Devil, which are hypothesised to have depressed feral cat numbers (Fancourt 2011, Hollings 2012, Hollings et al. 2013). However, feral cats have been present in Tasmania for many decades and quolls have survived. Dogs, road kills (Jones 1993), and, mostly in the past, illegal poisoning or trapping are additional causes of mortality, but population level effects are unknown. Red Foxes are a future threat. Jones et al. (2004) reported that Eastern Quolls lacked an appropriate anti-predator response to foxes, suggesting that they would be vulnerable to predation by foxes. The Red Fox may now be present in Tasmania (Berry et al. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyurus viverrinus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6296A21947190.en 4 2007, Sarre et al. 2012, DPIPWE 2013) and experience on mainland Australia shows that, if Red Foxes establish, fox predation will have a severe, possibly catastrophic impact on this species in the mediumto long-term. Systems: Terrestrial Threats (see Appendix for additional information) The threatening processes that caused the decline and extinction of Eastern Quoll on the Australian mainland are unknown, but disease, together with predation by introduced feral cats (Felis catus) and Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are the most likely causes (Peacock and Abbott 2014). In Tasmania, the recent decline has been linked to a sustained period of unsuitable weather conditions over much of the species' distribution (Fancourt et al. 2015). Predation by feral cats is considered the most likely process preventing the species' recovery: juveniles are vulnerable to cat predation (Jones et al. 2014), and cat abundance might be increasing due to the decline of the Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) (Fancourt 2011). However, feral cats have been present in Tasmania for a long time and quolls have survived. There have been previous episodes of severe rates of mortality associated with disease (Wood Jones 1923, Guiler 1961, Green 2007) that may have made a significant contribution to local extinction on the mainland; some ongoing incidence and (mostly uncertain) impacts of diseases (e.g. toxoplasmosis; however, Fancourt et al. (2012) found toxoplasmosis does not appear to be contributing to recent population declines). The Red Fox recently arrived in Tasmania; if it establishes, it is likely to be a major threat through predation. Minor threats include poisoning and trapping, predation by dogs and road mortality. Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) 1. Maintain distribution and abundance 2. effectively control Red Foxes in Tasmania. Reduce feral cat predation 3. Eradicate or 4. Should foxes become widely established, consider captive breeding as as precursor to translocation to an island or mainland 'island'. 5. Monitoring to understand processes influencing Eastern Quoll abundance changes. Credits Assessor(s): Burbidge, A.A. & Woinarski, J. Reviewer(s): Hawkins, C. Contributor(s): Driessen, M., Fancourt, B., Hocking, G., Johnson, C.N., Jones, M. & Menkhorst, P. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyurus viverrinus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6296A21947190.en 5 Bibliography AnAge. 2012. The animal aging and longevity database. Available at: http://genomics.senescence.info/species/. Berry, O., Sarre, S.D., Farrington, L., and Aitken, N. 2007. Faecal DNA detection of invasive species: the case of feral foxes in Tasmania. Wildlife Research 34: 1-7. Blackhall, S. 1980. Diet of the Eastern Native-Cat, Dasyurus viverrinus (Shaw), in southern Tasmania. Australian Wildlife Research 7: 191-197. Bryant, S. 1988. Seasonal breeding in the Eastern Quoll, Dasyurus viverrinus (Marsupalia: Dasyuridae). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tasmania. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. 2012. Eastern quoll. Available at: http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/BHAN-537V4U?open. (Accessed: 31 May 2012). Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. 2013. Latest physical evidence of foxes in Tasmania. Available at: http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/webpages/ljem-6sh7fx?open. (Accessed: 7 February 2013). Dickman, C. R., Lunney, D., and Matthews, A. 2001. Ecological attributes and conservation of dasyurid marsupials in New South Wales, Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology 7: 124-133. Driessen, M. M. and Hocking, G. J. 1992. Review and Analysis of Spotlight Surveys in Tasmania: 19751990. Department of Parks, Wildlife and Heritage, Hobart, Australia. Fancourt, B. 2011. Drought, disease or destiny? Identifying the cause of decline of the eastern quoll. Australian Wildlife 4: 26-27. Fancourt, B.A., Bateman, B.L., VanDerWal, J., Nicol, S.C., Hawkins, C.E., Jones, M.E. and Johnson, C.N. 2015. Testing the Role of Climate Change in Species Decline: Is the Eastern Quoll a Victim of a Change in the Weather? PLoS ONE 10(6): e0129420. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129420. Fancourt, B., Nicol, S., and Hawkins, C. 2013. Evidence of rapid population decline of the eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) in Tasmania. Australian Mammalogy 35(2): 195-205. Fancourt, B., Nicol, S., Hawkins, C., Jones, M. and Johnson, C. 2012. Agent of decline or mere distraction? Toxoplasmosis and the case of the declining Eastern Quoll. Proceedings of the 58th Scientific Meeting of the Australian Mammal Society Port Augusta, South Australia, pp. 76. Godsell, J. 1982. The population ecology of the Eastern Quoll Dasyurus viverrinus (Dasyuridae, Marsupalia) in southern Tasmania. In: M. Archer (ed.), Carnivorous Marsupials Volume 1, pp. 199-207. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Ausralia. Godsell, J. 1983. Ecology of the Eastern Quoll Dasyurus viverrinus (Dasyuridae: Marsupalia). Ph.D. Thesis, Australian National University. Green, R.H. 2007. The fauna of Tasmania: mammals. Potoroo Publishing, Launceston. Guiler. E. R. 1961. The former distribution and decline of the thylacine. Australian Journal of Science 23: 207-210. Hollings, T. A. 2012. Ecological effects of disease induced apex predator decline. University of Tasmania. Hollings, T., Jones, M. E., Hocking, G., Mooney, N., and McCallum, H. 2013. Ecosystem impacts of disease induced apex predator decline: The Tasmanian devil and devil facial tumour disease (DFTD). © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyurus viverrinus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6296A21947190.en 6 Conservation Biology 28(1): 63-75. IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-1. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 30 June 2016). Johnson, C., Jones, M., and Bateman, B. 2012. Distribution of large marsupial carnivores - locations of core habitat and population strongholds for the Tasmanian devil, spotted-tailed quoll and eastern quoll in Tasmania. Independent Verification Group Forest Conservation Report 7A. Available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/land/forests/independent-verification/report.html. Jones, M. 1993. Road mortality of eastern quolls and devils on the Cradle Mountain tourist road. Report to Department of Transport and Works and Department of Environment and Land Management Parks and Wildlife Service. Jones, M. 2008. Eastern Quoll Dasyurus viverrinus. In: S. Van Dyck and R. Strahan (eds), The mammals of Australia, pp. 62-64. Reed New Holland, Chatswood. Jones, M. E. and Barmuta, L. A. 1998. Diet overlap and relative abundance of sympatric dasyurid carnivores: a hypothesis of competition. Journal of Animal Ecology 67: 410-421. Jones, M. E. and Barmuta, L. A. 2000. Niche differentiation among sympatric Australian dasyurid carnivores. Journal of Mammalogy 81: 434-447. Jones, M.E. and Rose, R.K. 1996. Preliminary assessment of distribution and habitat associations of the Spotted-tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus maculatus) and Eastern Quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) in Tasmania to determine conservation and reservation status. Report to Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement Environment and Heritage Technical Committee (unpublished). Jones, M. E., Burnett, S., Claridge, A. W., Fancourt, B., Kortner, G., Morris, K., Peacock, D., Troy, S. and Woinarski,J. 2014. Australia's surviving marsupial carnivores: thats and conservation. In: A. S. Glen and C. R. Dickman (eds), Carnivores of Australia: past, present and future, pp. 197-240. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood. Jones, M. E., Smith, G. C., and Jones, S. M. 2004. Is anti-predator behaviour in Tasmanian eastern quolls (Dasyurus viverrinus) effective against introduced predators? . Animal Conservation 7: 155-160. Menkhorst, P. W. 1995. Eastern Quoll. In: P. W. Menkhorst (ed.), Mammals of Victoria, pp. 53-54. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia. Peacock, D. and Abbott, I. 2014. When the ‘native cat’ would ‘plague’: historical hyperabundance in the quoll (Marsupialia : Dasyuridae) and an assessment of the role of disease, cats and foxes in its curtailment. Australian Journal of Zoology 62: 294–344. Rounsevell, D. E., Taylor, R. J. and Hocking, G. J. 1991. Distribution records of native terrestrial mammals in Tasmania. Wildlife Research 18: 699-717. Sarre, S. D., MacDonald, A. J., Barclay, C., Saunders, G. R., and Ramsey, D. S. L. 2013. Foxes are now widespread in Tasmania: DNA detection defines the distribution of this rare but invasive carnivore. Journal of Applied Ecology 50: 459-468. Southwell, C., and Fletcher, M. 1985. Investigations into methods of improving the precision of spotlight surveys used for monitoring wallaby populations in Tasmania. Report prepared for the Tasmanian National Parks and Wildlife Service. Wood Jones, F. 1923. The mammals of South Australia. Part 1. The monotremes and carnivorous marsupials. Government Printer, Adelaide. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyurus viverrinus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6296A21947190.en 7 Citation Burbidge, A.A. & Woinarski, J. 2016. Dasyurus viverrinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T6296A21947190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6296A21947190.en Disclaimer To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use. External Resources For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyurus viverrinus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6296A21947190.en 8 Appendix Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Habitat Season Suitability Major Importance? 1. Forest -> 1.4. Forest - Temperate Resident Suitable Yes 3. Shrubland -> 3.4. Shrubland - Temperate Resident Suitable Yes 4. Grassland -> 4.4. Grassland - Temperate Resident Suitable Yes 14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.1. Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land Resident Suitable No 14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.2. Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland Resident Suitable No Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score 4. Transportation & service corridors -> 4.1. Roads & railroads (Vulpes vulpes) Ongoing Minority (50%) Slow, significant declines Low impact: 5 Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality Ongoing Whole (>90%) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality Ongoing Whole (>90%) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality Future Whole (>90%) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Canis familiaris) 8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Felis catus) 8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Vulpes vulpes) Unknown Rapid declines Rapid declines Unknown High impact: 8 Medium impact: 6 Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning Action Recovery plan: No Systematic monitoring scheme: Yes © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyurus viverrinus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6296A21947190.en 9 Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management Conservation sites identified: Yes, over part of range Occur in at least one PA: Yes Invasive species control or prevention: Yes Conservation Actions Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions Needed 1. Land/water protection -> 1.2. Resource & habitat protection 2. Land/water management -> 2.2. Invasive/problematic species control 3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> 3.3.2. Benign introduction 3. Species management -> 3.4. Ex-situ conservation -> 3.4.1. Captive breeding/artificial propagation 4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications Research Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Research Needed 1. Research -> 1.5. Threats 3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends Additional Data Fields Distribution Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²): 2320 Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Yes Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 47000 Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Yes Number of Locations: 2 Continuing decline in number of locations: No Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyurus viverrinus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6296A21947190.en 10 Population Number of mature individuals: 10000-12000 Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes Extreme fluctuations: No Population severely fragmented: No No. of subpopulations: 2 Continuing decline in subpopulations: No Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No All individuals in one subpopulation: No Habitats and Ecology Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: No Generation Length (years): 2 Movement patterns: Not a Migrant © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dasyurus viverrinus – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6296A21947190.en 11 The IUCN Red List Partnership The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™