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Triticum dicoccum: "A Low G.I. Food for the Diabetics"
Vikas, V.K.1, Sivasamy, M.1, Jayaprakash, P.1, Jagdish Kumar2, Das, B.K.3
1
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute Regional Station, Wellington - 643 231, India
2
ICAR-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Raipur - 493 225, India
3Mutation
Breeding Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai - 400 085, India
Emmer wheat: Triticum dicoccum L.
Vernacular names: Samba (Tamil Nadu), Jave, Sadaka,
(Karnataka), Khapli (Maharashtra), Popathiya (Gujarat),
Farro (Italy) etc.
 Tetraploid: 2n=4x=28
 Grown in Central and South India
 Tolerant to drought & heat stress
 Resistant to stem and leaf rusts
 Hard threshing
 Consumed as Upma, Porridge etc.
 Becoming “ Functional food ”
 High protein – 15-16%
 High dietary fibre – 16%
 Low glycaemic index (< 55)
 High anti oxidant compounds
 High satiety value
 Reduce - total lipids, triglycerides and LDL-Cholesterol
(Yenagi et al., 2001)
 Dietary management – Diabetes and Cardiovascular diseases
ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute
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ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute
Diabetes and Glycaemic index
Diabetes is a group of diseases in which the body either doesn’t produce enough or
any insulin, does not properly use the insulin that is produced, or a combination of
both
 China, India, USA
 Nearly 65 millions – 90 -95 % Type 2 diabetes
 8.2% male population
 6.8% female population
 Kerala, Tamilnadu, Gujarat
 7th largest killer by 2030
 Managed with healthier lifestyles
- WHO report and Lancet Study (2016)
Glycaemic index (GI)
 Indicates the food’s effect on a person’s blood glucose (blood sugar) level
 Range: 0-100
 Relative to Standard (Glucose -100)
Dicoccum wheat
Bread wheat
Rice
Background
ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute
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Land races/ old varieties - Tall, lodging, low yield & high quality
NP 200, NP 201 & NP 202
Need – Semi dwarf & high yield with high quality
Variability - Limited
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Earlier research
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Transfer – Dwarfing genes from T. durum
Partial Success – semi dwarf, high yielding with low quality
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Linkage drag
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Objective
To develop semi dwarf, high yielding with high quality dicoccum
through mutation
Materials and methods
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Parent variety - NP 201
Irradiation – Gamma rays using Cobalt-60 (GC 5000 Irradiator)
At – Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai
Dose : 100, 200, 300 and 400 Gy @ 50Gy/min
Treatment : 1000 seeds each
Replication :3
Best : 200Gy
Materials and Method contd……………
ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute
NP201 (1000 seeds) – Irradiated with gamma rays
M1
M2 (Semi dwarf mutant)
M3
M4
M5 (Stable line – Semidwarf and High yield)
AICW&BIP Trials – Yield, quality and disease reaction
Results
ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute
Grain with husk
NP201
Huskless grain Broken grain
HW1098
 M5 generation - stable line
Traits
 Reduction in height (20%)
Protein (%)
HW 1098
NP 201
16.8
17.25
29.0
31.5
3.39
3.23
 Increase in yield (35-40%)
 Quality comparable to NP201
 Released as variety
Sedimentation
Value (ml)
Yellow
pigment/Beta
carotene (ppm)
ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute
Take home message….
 Old crop with promising future
 Cereal crop – high protein and dietary fibre
- Low Glycaemic index (GI)
 Dietary management – Diabetes & Cardiovascular diseases
Road a head………..
Starch profiling
 Resistant starch – Physiologically similar to dietary fibre
 Starch – size and shape
- amylose and amylopectin
 Dietary fibre – Chemical composition
 Protein – Amino acid composition
 Antioxidant compounds
 Clinical studies
Current view of dietary carbohydrates as simply providing us with energy
should be reconsidered
IACR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute
Food as medicine
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