Download The Appendicular Skeleton

The Appendicular Skeleton
The Appendicular Skeleton
THE UPPER EXTREMITY
The Upper Extremity
• Bones of the shoulder girdle
– Clavicle and scapula
• Upper arm
– Humerus
• Lower arm
– Radius
– Ulna
• Wrist
– Carpal bones
• Hand
– Metacarpals
– Phalanges
Shoulder Girdle
• Only forms one joint
with the axial skeleton
• Clavicle
– Sternoclavicular joint
• Where the sternum
meets the clavicle
Shoulder Girdle
• Scapula
– Shoulder blade
– 3 borders
• Superior (top)
• Vertebral (by the spine)
• Axillary (side near the armpit)
– Spine
• Ridge along the posterior portion of the bone
– Acromion process
• Articulates with clavicle
• Process that is located at the end of the spine
– Coracoid process
• Projection on the anterior portion of the scapula
• Only 2 major projections
Shoulder Injuries
• Separated shoulder
- AC joint separation
• Broken clavicle
Humerus
• Long bone that makes up the upper arm
• Upper end (epiphysis)
– Head
• Smooth rounded end that fits into glenoid fossa
– Anatomical neck
• Groove immediately inferior to the head
– Greater and lesser tubercles
• Greater is lateral to the head
• Lesser is inferior (below) the greater
– Intertubercular groove
• Groove b/t greater and lesser tubercles
– Surgical neck
• Region below the tubercles that leads to the diaphysis
• Common to fracture
Humerus
• Middle (diaphysis)
– Deltoid tuberosity
• Protuberance midway
down shaft
• Deltoid attaches here
– Radial groove
• Groove moving inferiorly
for radial nerve
Humerus
• End (epiphysis)
– Eipicondyles
• Medial and lateral projections
– Medial is larger of the two
– Capitulum
• Rounded head below the lateral
epicondyle
– Radius attaches
– Trochlea
• Appears similar to a pully
• Deep depression in the epiphysis
• Articulates with the ulna
– Olecranon fossa
• Depression on the posterior survace
• Olecranon process forms elbow here
– Coronoid fossa
• Depression on the anterior portion
Forearm
• Radius
– Thumb side
– Head
• Proximal end
• Articulates with the
capitulum
– Radial tuberosity
• Projection just below the
head
– Styloid process
• Located on the lateral,
distal end of the bone
Forearm
• Ulna
– Pinky side
– Longer than radius
– Olecranon process
• Elbow
– Coronoid process
• Opposite side of elbow
– Semilunar notch
• Depression that articulates
with the trochlea
– Styloid process
• Distal end
– Head
• Distal end
Left Arm
Wrist
• 8 bones
– 2 rows
– Proximal row
•
•
•
•
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Lunate
Scapate
– Distal row
•
•
•
•
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Hand
• Metacarpals
– “Middle” bones of the hand
– Distal end makes up the
knuckles
– Numbered 1 – 5
• Phalanges
– Smaller bones that make up
the fingers
– Separated into proximal,
middle, and distal (finger
tip)
The Appendicular Skeleton
THE LOWER EXTREMITY
The Lower Extremity
• Hip
– Coxal bones (pelvis)
• Thigh
– femur
• Lower leg
– Tibia
– Fibula
• Foot
– Tarsal bones
– Metatarsals
– Phalanges
Coxal Bones
• Pelvic girdle
– Combination of the sacrum and the coxal bones
bound together by ligaments
– Supports the trunk of the body and allows for leg
attachment
• Coxal bones
– Each bone is made up of 3 fused bones
• Illium
• Ischium
• Pubis
• Ilium
– Most superior
– Largest
– Palpable
• Ischium
– Strongest
– Most inferior
• Pubus
– Anterior to the ischium
Coxal Bones
• Horizontally divided into
2 parts
– Pelvic inlet
• a.k.a. pelvic brim
• Above the inlet
– False pelvis
• Runs from the tip of the
ilium to the pelvic inlet
• Below the inlet
– True pelvis
• Boundary of the pelvic
outlet
• Pubic symphysis
– Where the coxal bones
meet
Thigh Bones
• Femur
– Upper end (epiphysis)
• Head
• Greater/lesser trochanter
– Middle portion
(diaphysis)
• Linea apera
• Supracondylar ridges
Thigh Bones
• Distal end (epiphysis)
– Lateral/medial condyles
– Lateral/medial
epicondyles
– Adductor tubercle
– Trochlea
– Intercondyloid fossa
• notch
Patella
• Largest sesamoid bone
in the body
• Knee cap
• Imbedded in the tendon
from your quadrceps
Tibia
• Shin bone
• Lateral/medial condyles
– Upper end of bone
– Concave surface to articulate w/ femur
• Intercondylar eminence
– Spine between condyles
– Attachment for ACL and PCL
• Crest
– Sharp ridge on the anterior
– Part of the shin you can feel
Tibia
• Tibial tuberosity
– Protuberance just below
condyles
– Palpable below the knee
• ½ “Ankle”
– Medial maleolus
• Palpable on the inside of
the ankle
Fibula
• Smaller than tibia
• Deeper of the two bones
– Always on the outside of
the lower leg
• Proximal end articulates
with the tibia
– @ lateral condyle
– Creates part of the knee
joint
• Distal end (other ½ of the
“ankle”
– Articulates with the tibia
– Lateral malleolus
Foot
• Constructed similar to
the hand
– Adapted to support
weight
• Two way arch
construction
– Longitudinal arch
• Medial/lateral
longitudinal arches
– Transverse arch
• Metatarsals & the distal
row of tarsals
Foot
• Flat foot (fallen arches)
– Ligaments and muscles
hold bones in place
– Keeps the arch intact
– Foot, knee, eventually
back
• Very small number of
individuals have a true
“flat foot”
– Usually over-pronation
• High arch
– Charcot Marie Tooth
disorder (CMT)
Foot Bones
• Tarsal Bones
– Talus
• Articulates w/ the tibia
– Calcaneus
• Heel
– Navicular
• Distal row
– Cuniform bones
• 1-3 starting at 1st metatarsal
– Cuboid
• Metatarsals
– 1-5 (big toe  out)
• Phalanges (1-5)
– Proximal
– Middle*
– Distal
3
2
1