* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 1) What is the median eminence? a) The median eminence is the
Neuroendocrine tumor wikipedia , lookup
Women's Health Initiative wikipedia , lookup
Hyperthyroidism wikipedia , lookup
Sexually dimorphic nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Endocrine disruptor wikipedia , lookup
Triclocarban wikipedia , lookup
Mammary gland wikipedia , lookup
Hormonal breast enhancement wikipedia , lookup
Polycystic ovary syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy wikipedia , lookup
Growth hormone therapy wikipedia , lookup
Hormonal contraception wikipedia , lookup
Hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male) wikipedia , lookup
Hormone replacement therapy (menopause) wikipedia , lookup
Adrenal gland wikipedia , lookup
Xenoestrogen wikipedia , lookup
Hyperandrogenism wikipedia , lookup
Breast development wikipedia , lookup
1) What is the median eminence? a) The median eminence is the nucleus at the base of the hypothalamus where 2) 3) 4) 5) releasing hormones enter the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system in order to be transported to the pituitary gland. What is the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system? a) It is a specialized blood vessel system that transports releasing hormones from the median eminence through the infindibulum to the anterior pituitary What structure produces releasing hormones? a) The hypothalamus What are hormones that act “toward” a number of endocrine glands around the body controlling the production and release of hormones from these endocrine glands? a) Tropic hormones What structure produces tropic hormones? a) The anterior pituitary 6) What is the target tissue of ACTH and what does it do? a) Target tissue: adrenal cortex, b) Controls production and release of hormones from the adrenal cortex 7) What is the target tissue of TSH and what does it do? a) Target tissue: thyroid gland, b) controls production and release of thyroid hormones which control metabolic rate 8) What is the target tissue of GH and what does it do? a) Target tissue: liver, musculature and skeleton b) affects growth rate 9) What is the target tissue of MSH and what does it do? a) Target tissue: melanocytes, b) affects skin pigmentation 10) What does BLPH do? a) precursor from which natural opiates like endorphins is produced 11) What are the two functions of FSH? a) stimulates the growth of the ovarian follicles b) Works with LH to stimulate ovulation 12) What does FSH do in men? a) Stimulates the production of sperm 13) What are the four functions of LH? a) Stimulates estrogen production by the ovarian follicle b) Works with FSH to simulate ovulation c) Stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum d) Stimulates estrogen production by the corpus luteum 14) What are the two functions of Prolactin? a) Stimulates progesterone production by the corpus luteum b) Stimulates milk production by mammary glands 15) What are the two hormones needed in breastfeeding and what are their functions? a) Oxytocin (produced by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary) stimulates milk letdown b) Prolactin (produced in the anterior pituitary) stimulates the alveoli of the mammary glands to begin producing milk 16) When is FSH most abundant in the menstrual cycle? a) At the beginning of the month b) Major surge at ovulation 17) When is LH most abundant in the menstrual cycle? a) At ovulation, but generally pretty present all throughout cycle 18) What does LH do in men? a) Stimulates the production of testosterone 19) What are the two functions of Prolactin? a) Stimulates progesterone production by the corpus luteum b) Stimulates milk production by mammary glands 20) Can a woman have excessively high or excessively low prolactin levels and still be fertile? a) Probably not 21) What are the two hormones needed in breastfeeding and what are their functions? a) Oxytocin (produced by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary) stimulates milk letdown b) Prolactin (produced in the anterior pituitary) stimulates the alveoli of the mammary glands to begin producing milk 22) How is the hypothalamus related to the anterior pituitary? a) The hypothalamus produces hormones called releasing hormones that control the production and release of the tropic hormones by the anterior pituitary 23) What are releasing hormones and what do they do? a) Releasing hormones are hormones produced in the hypothalamus which travel through the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system to the anterior pituitary and stimulate and inhibit the production and release of the tropic hormones. 24) What are the seven releasing hormones (RH)? a) Corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH) b) Thyrotropic hormone releasing hormone (TRH) c) Somatostatin d) Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) e) Gonadotropin hormone releasing hormone (GnRH) f) Dopamine g) Prolactin stimulating hormone (PSH) 25) What does CRH do? a) Stimulates the production and release of ACTH 26) What does TRH do? a) Stimulates the production and release of TSH 27) What does Somatostatin do? a) Inhibits the production and release of GH 28) What does GHRH do? a) Stimulates the production and release of GH 29) What does GnRH do? a) Stimulates the production and release of both FSH and LH 30) Where is inhibin produced and what does it do? a) Inhibin is produced by the ovarian follicle and the corpus luteum b) it acts at the anterior pituitary to inhibit the production and release of FSH 31) What does Dopamine do? a) inhibits the production and release of prolactin 32) What does PSH do? a) stimulates the production and release of prolactin 33) What RH releases two tropic hormones? a) GnRH releases both LH and FSH 34) What tropic hormones are affected by two RH? a) GH is stimulated by GHRH and inhibited by Somatostatin b) prolactin is stimulated by prolactin stimulating factor and inhibited by dopamine 35) In the adult female, how does very low estrogen affect GnRH? a) Stimulates the production of GnRH 36) In the adult female, how does moderate estrogen affect GnRH? a) Inhibits GnRH 37) In the adult female, how does very high estrogen affect GnRH? a) Stimulates GnRH 38) What type of feedback system regulates most of the hormonal systems in the body? a) Negative feedback 39) What is the feedback loop between FSH/LH and GnRH? a) Negative feedback: GnRH stimulates LH/FSH, increased levels of LH/FSH inhibit GnRH 40) When is the one time of the month when estrogen overrides the “negative feedback” system and makes it go to a “positive feedback” loop and why? a) Estrogen overrides the system 24 hours before ovulation when the Graafian follicle that is pushing against the ovary sends a signal that the ovum is ready for ovulation by dumping all of its remaining estrogen into the bloodstream. This very high level of estrogen stimulates GnRH release, which then stimulates production of both FSH and LH which is needed in order to trigger ovulation. The GnRH level in this case is so high that it overwhelms the effect of inhibin. So, massive release of E massive release of GnRH massive release of LH and FSH ovulation 41) List the Estrogen levels across the monthly cycle: a) Levels start to increase on Day 1 and gradually increase throughout the preovulatory phase (because the follicles are growing) b) Surge (sharp increase) 24 hours prior to ovulation. c) Levels decrease after surge (through ovulation). d) Levels rise during the postovulatory phase as the corpus luteum develops. e) Drop off just before menses when the corpus luteum dies. 42) List the Progesterone levels across the monthly cycle: a) Levels low on Day 1 b) Stay very low throughout the preovulatory phase c) Increase during the postovulatory phase with the development of the corpus luteum d) Drop off just before menses with the death of the corpus luteum 43) List the FSH levels across the monthly cycle: a) Begin to rise at the end of the postovulatory phase. b) Decrease in late preovulatory phase. c) Surge at the exact time of ovulation because of massive surge of estrogen by GnRH. d) Decrease after ovulation and stays low throughout most of the postovulatory phase 44) List the LH levels across the monthly cycle: a) Begin to increase on Day 1 to stimulate estrogen b) Rise to moderate level and stay relatively steady for the rest of the preovulatory phase c) Surge at ovulation. d) Declines right after ovulation to make CL e) Increases toward the end of the luteal phase and then declines again 45) What is the adrenal gland and where is it located in the body? a) The adrenal gland is a structure of two simultaneously present independent glands, the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla, and sits in the abdominal cavity right above the kidney 46) What is the adrenal medulla and what is its function? a) Gland (may or may not be an endocrine gland) at the inner core of the adrenal gland that produces adrenaline and noradrenalin in response to stress like being hungry, hot, scared, etc. 47) What is the adrenal cortex and what is its function? a) Endocrine gland at the outer cortex of the adrenal gland that produces and releases adrenocortical hormones in response to stimulation from the tropic hormone ACTH that is stimulated by the releasing hormone CRH. So, CRH ACTH adrenocortical hormones 48) What are the three classes of hormones that the adrenal cortex releases and what are their functions? a) Glucocorticoids controls glucose metabolism and food intake b) Mineralocorticoids regulate levels of minerals and electrolytes such as sodium or potassium c) Sex steroids (androgen, estrogen and progesterone) various actions on the body 49) Are steroid hormones fat soluble or water soluble? a) Fat soluble 50) What is the major source of androgen for women? a) The adrenal cortex 51) What is the best known and strongest androgen (most prevalent in men)? a) Testosterone 52) What is the most prevalent form of androgen in women? a) Androstenedione 53) How does androstenedione have a testosterone effect in women without having the overall masculinizing effect of testosterone? a) Once androstenedione enters into its target tissue it is converted to testosterone. This way, the testosterone acts only on the specific tissue it is meant for and does not masculinize the rest of the body on its way to the specific target tissue. 54) What are the three actions of androgen? a) Controls sex drive b) Controls acne c) Stimulates the growth of pubic and underarm hair 55) What is the precursor from which all sex steroids including progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone and estrogen are produced? a) Cholesterol 56) Are the sex steroid chemicals and their hormone precursors chemically very different or very similar from one another? a) Chemically very similar. This is why some synthetic hormones, like synthetic estrogen, can have progesterone-like or androgen-like activity in addition to their estrogen-like activity. 57) What is the difference between puberty and adolescence? a) Puberty refers to the biological maturation of an individual from being unable to reproduce to being able to reproduce while adolescence refers to the social transition in which an individual moves from a dependent, child like role to an independent, adult role. 58) What is the concern about the disparity between puberty and adolescence? a) The concern is that girls who reach biological maturity early will face pressures to engage in adult-like behaviors (dating, sex, smoking, drinking) before their decision-making and social skills have matured enough to deal with these issues. 59) What do Frisch and Tanner report about the age of menarche? a) The age of menarche has decreased over time 60) What do we know about the relationship between race/ethnity and the timing of puberty/menarche? a) Some studies show Latina or African-American girls going through puberty or menarche at earlier ages than Caucasian girls but these findings are controversial. Stresses related to minority status and/or socioeconomic conditions may account for the differences reported so far. 61) What are Tanner’s five stages of pubertal development? a) Start of the adolescent growth spurt b) Thelarche c) Simultaneous adrenarche and peak of the growth spurt d) Underarm hair formation e) Menarche 62) What hormone(s) are involved in the adolescent growth spurt? a) Estrogen, androgen and growth hormone 63) What is thelarche and what two things occur in this stage? a) Thelarche= the budding of the breasts i) Areola increases in size ii) Increased breast fat deposition 64) What hormone(s) are involved in thelarche? a) Estrogen and prolactin 65) What is adrenarche and what hormone(s) are involved? a) Adrenarche= increased hormone production by the adrenal cortex b) First sign is pubic hair formation - an androgen effect 66) What hormone(s) are involved in underarm hair formation? a) Androgen only 67) What is menarche? a) The first menses 68) What are factors have been found to correlate with early menarche? a) increased menstrual distress b) more worry about menstruation c) poorer preparation for menses d) increased risk of depression e) more negative body image and disordered eating f) increased risk of substance abuse g) higher risk for poor school performance h) increased social popularity i) earlier onset of dating and sexual behavior 69) Draw a picture of the relative hormone level changes that occur during puberty: a) Pre-puberty Post-puberty 70) What does this picture mean? (Explain it in words) a) Estrogen, LH and FSH hormone cycles begin before puberty, but they increase in amplitude during puberty 71) What does Frisch suggest about body fat and menarche? a) Body fat is a determinant of menarche (have to reach a certain percentage to begin menstruation) and that intense athletic training can inhibit puberty because it keeps body fat lower 72) Hormonally, how does body fat influence the onset of menarche? a) Because androgens are converted to estrogen in body fat tissue, the more body fat there is the more androgens are converted into estrogen. If estrogen levels get high enough to decrease the sensitivity of the hypothalamus then this estrogen level can stimulate the ovary to produce adult levels of estrogen and thus menarche 73) What is the word that means lack of menstruation? a) Amenorrhea 74) What is exercise-induced amenorrhea and what happens hormonally in this stage? a) Failure to menstruate as a result of intense athletic or dance training b) GnRH, LH and FSH and estrogen levels are suppressed so ovulation does not occur 75) Is exercise-induced amenorrhea reversible? How? a) Yes, ending strict athletic/ dance training can cause a return of cyclicity and menstruation 76) What are three causes of exercise-induce amenorrhea? a) Low body fat b) Change in the muscle: fat ratio (muscle > fat) as a result of an increase in muscle or decrease in fat c) Nutritional deficit state: energy output > energy input (can be caused as a result of increasing exercise without eating extra to compensate for the energy loss) 77) What are the risks associated with amenorrhea? a) Loss of bone density as a result of low estrogen which increases the risk of osteoporosis 78) What was the effect of societal stereotypes about premenstruum on scientific research on mood and the monthly cycle? a) Relaxed standards on scientific procedures in the study of mood or behavior and the monthly cycle which led to the publication of many studies that were poorly designed and yielded dubious results 79) In recall studies, what symptoms do women report to be associated with the menstrual cycle? a) An increase in negative moods and behaviors premenstrually b) And sometimes an increase in positive moods during the follicular phase or midcycle 80) In concurrent studies, what relationships between mood and behavior and the monthly cycle do women report? a) More positive moods and behaviors during the follicular phase or at mid-cycle. b) They report no correlation between negative moods and behaviors and the premenstrual phase of the cycle 81) Between recall and concurrent studies, which is a more accurate measure of mood and behaviors during the menstrual cycle? Why? a) Concurrent studies because by having women keep daily diaries of their moods, behaviors and cycle phases the responses are less tainted by stereotypes of moods/ behaviors 82) About how many women actually experience PMDD as defined by the DSM 5? a) 3-8% of the general population 83) PMDD can only be diagnosed as such if the person has at least one of four behavioral symptoms. What are they? a) Marked affective lability b) Marked irritability or anger c) Depressed mood or hopelessness d) Marked anxiety, tension 84) What other symptoms may also occur with PMDD? a) Decreased interest in usual activities b) Difficulty concentrating c) Lethargy d) Change of appetite/overeating/food cravings e) Sleep changes – hypersomnia, insomnia f) Feeling of being overwhelmed or out of control g) Physical symptoms such as breast tenderness, joint pain, bloating 85) What are the other requirements for diagnosis with PMDD? a) Symptoms must occur during most cycles for at least one year b) Symptoms must interfere with work, social activities and/or relationships c) Symptoms must be restricted to the perimenstrual time period (7 days before to 3 days after the onset of menses) d) Symptoms must be confirmed by daily diary for at least two cycles e) Symptoms not due to drug use or general medical condition 86) Name some non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions for PMDD a) Non-pharmacological: i) Awareness ii) Improved social support iii) Cognitive behavioral therapy iv) Increased aerobic exercise v) Changed diet: high carbs/ low protein, decreased caffeine and sodium, increased calcium intake b) Pharmacological: i) Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ii) Anxiolytics iii) Hormonal contraceptives and GnRH agonists that stop the cycle 87) What is menstrual synchrony and what is the cause? a) Menstrual synchrony is the tendency for cycles of women who live together to become more synchronous (existing or occurring at the same time). It is apparently a response to pheromonal secretions (like those found in underarm perspiration). 88) Who first described menstrual synchrony and when? a) McClintock, 1971 89) Stern and McClintock (1998) found that women exposed to underarm secretions from women in their late follicular phase (post menses to the day before LH surge) resulted in what? a) Earlier LH surge (ovulation) and shortening of the cycle 90) Stern and McClintock (1998) found that women exposed to underarm secretions from women who had just ovulated resulted in what? a) Delayed LH surge and lengthened cycle in recipient 91) Do all cohabitating women become synchronous? a) No, factors leading to menstrual synchrony are not fully clear, but a greater number of shared activities may result in greater likelihood of synchrony 92) Did McClintock (1971) suggest that cycle length may be increased, decreased or become more regular when a woman has contact with males at least 3 times per week? a) Decreased 93) Did Burleson suggest that cycle length may be increased, decreased or become more regular with intercourse at least once a week? a) Cycle length becomes more regular 94) Extreme stress during the preovulatory phase results in what? a) Increased cycle length and delayed ovulation 95) Extreme stress during the postovulatory phase results in what? a) Decreased cycle length and earlier menses 96) At what time in the cycle did Harvey find an increase in female autosexual behaviors? a) A clear peak at ovulation 97) What effect of the cycle did Harvey find on male partners of women? a) Partner initiated behavior follows the pattern of female autosexual behavior. They are more likely to initiate sex at ovulation, perhaps in response to chemical or behavioral signals from the woman. 98) What effect of the cycle did Matteo & Risman find on female partners of women? a) The pattern of partner initiated behavior did not follow that of female autosexual behavior.