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Civil War Review ___________ _____________ was the Republican candidate for president in 1860. Because the _____________ Party split over the issue of slavery, Lincoln easily won a majority of ______________ votes and became the sixteenth ____________ of the United States. However, several ____________ states refused to accept Lincoln’s election as president. Such states feared the new president might try to __________ slavery, or at least he would attempt to ____________ it further. These southern states voted to ___________ from the Union in late 1860 and early 1861 and formed the ____________ States of America. (To secede from the Union meant to leave or __________ from the Union.) _____________ ___________ was elected president of the Confederacy. Davis had been serving as a United States senator from ____________. In April 1861 President Lincoln refused to remove the federal troops stationed at ______ _________ in Charleston, South Carolina. When Confederate forces responded to Lincoln’s refusal by firing on the fort, the ________ ____ began. The war started in ______ and lasted until ______. A civil war is war between people of the __________ country. After the Confederates’ attack on Fort Sumter, President _________ asked the states to send troops to serve in the United States army. Instead of sending troops to put down the rebellion, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas voted to _________ from the Union and join the _____________. Mounting __________ tensions throughout the 1850s and a failure of __________ will led to the Civil War. The Standards of Learning for Virginia and United States History have identified seven major causes of the Civil War. First, an ongoing _____________ debate occurred on several key issues. For example, the North and the South continually debated __________ policy, the extension of __________ in the western territories, and the nature of the __________. When discussing the nature of the Union, the South consistently took the _______ ________ position, while the North stood for a strong national government. A second cause resulted from the continuous conflict between the northern _____________ and southern _____________ of slavery. Third, the United States Supreme Court’s decision in the ________ ________ case was another important cause of the Civil War. A fourth cause was the publication of _________ _________ _______’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Fifth, ineffective ______________ leadership throughout the decade of the 1850s also contributed to the coming of the Civil War. Sixth, a history of failed _______________ over the expansion of slavery in the territories helped cause the war. Seventh, President ___________’s call for troops in 1861 was the final cause of the Civil War identified by the Standards of Learning. The secession of the Southern states triggered a long and costly war that concluded with __________ victory, a restoration of the _________, and emancipation of the ________. In American history, the term ______________ refers to freeing the African-American slaves. During the Civil War, the early nineteenth century debate over the power of the _________ government vs. ________ _________finally reached a climax. The Civil War involved two important issues. First, the survival of the United States as ______ nation was in danger. Second, the Civil War tested the United States’ ability to live up to its ideals of ____________, _____________, and justice. More Americans died in the ________ ______ than in any other war in the nation’s history. Many Americans distinguished themselves during the Civil War. For example, ____________ ____________ served as president of the United States throughout the Civil War. Lincoln opposed ______________ and insisted the Union should be held together, by __________, if necessary. Jefferson Davis served as president of the _____________ ________ of ___________. Before the Civil War, _______ had served as a member of the United States Senate from the state of Mississippi. _________ _ _______ was the greatest Union general. He won victories over the _________ after several other Union commanders had failed. ____________ __. _______ was the most important Confederate general and commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. Lee also opposed _____________. 1 However, Lee did / did not believe the Union should be held together by force. After the war, Lee encouraged Southerners to accept ____________ and __________ as Americans. Frederick Douglass was a former enslaved African-American, who became an important _________-____________ __________________. Douglass encouraged President ___________ to recruit former enslaved African-Americans and other free blacks to fight in the Union army. The Civil War witnessed many famous battles, including _______________, _____________, and __________________. In September 1862, Northern newspapers considered the Battle of Antietam a major __________ victory over the Confederates, because Lee and his Confederate army retreated from the battlefield in Sharpsburg, ___________ back into Virginia. Antietam was so important because the North’s belief in a Union victory at Antietam allowed President __________ to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. The Battle of Gettysburg was a major _____________ victory over the ____________ in Pennsylvania in July 1863. Gettysburg proved to be the _____________ turning point of the Civil War. Finally, Appomattox was the village in ______________ where Lee surrendered to _________ to end the Civil War. The Battle of Antietam marked a new stage in the Civil War, because after this battle President Lincoln decided to issue the ________________ ________________. This proclamation freed those ___________who lived in ____________ states, which were still rebelling against the Union on January 1, 1863. The Emancipation Proclamation changed the character of the war, because _____________ of ____________ joined preservation of the ___________ as a Northern war aim. The Emancipation Proclamation also discouraged both _________ _________ and ____________ from helping the Confederacy, because neither one of these countries wanted to give the appearance of supporting ______________. In November 1863, President Lincoln traveled to Gettysburg to dedicate a military cemetery there. At this ceremony Lincoln delivered the famous ___________ ____________. In this speech, Lincoln described the Union as ________ nation, rather than as a federation of ______________, ________________ states. In contrast, the South had believed the states had freely ___________ the Union and could freely leave or ___________ from it. In short, Lincoln used the Gettysburg Address as a means to set forth his current belief that the Civil War was fulfilling a dual purpose: 1) ____________ the __________; and 2) _____________ slavery. Finally, Abraham Lincoln considered the Civil War a “Second American Revolution.” He held this belief, because by ending African-American ___________ the United States made progress toward realizing the Declaration of Independence’s ideal that “All men are created _______.” The Civil War had a big impact on African-Americans, the ___________ ___________, and the home front in ___________. The war had an effect on African-Americans, because the Emancipation Proclamation allowed for the enlistment of African-American ____________. In addition, during the Civil War, many enslaved African-Americans gained __________ by running behind Union lines when the Union army approached. The Civil War affected the common soldier through hand-to-hand _________, __________ warfare, and camp life that was often _________ and __________. Historians know about the life of the common soldier by war time ___________ and __________ that the soldiers sent home during the war. At the war’s end Southern soldiers often returned home to find that their houses had been __________ and their families were living in ___________. Many soldiers on both sides of the conflict came home from the war __________ or __________, and many of them lived with permanent _____________. The Civil War changed the lives of many women by requiring them to assume _________________ roles on the home front. During the war, they managed homes and families with ________ resources and frequently faced ___________ and __________. Many women also took on new roles in ______________, ___________, and in _______ industries during the Civil War. 2