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Civil War Review
___________ _____________ was the Republican candidate for president in 1860. Because the
_____________ Party split over the issue of slavery, Lincoln easily won a majority of ______________
votes and became the sixteenth ____________ of the United States. However, several ____________
states refused to accept Lincoln’s election as president. Such states feared the new president might try
to __________ slavery, or at least he would attempt to ____________ it further. These southern
states voted to ___________ from the Union in late 1860 and early 1861 and formed the ____________
States of America. (To secede from the Union meant to leave or __________ from the Union.)
_____________ ___________ was elected president of the Confederacy. Davis had been serving as a
United States senator from ____________.
In April 1861 President Lincoln refused to remove the federal troops stationed at ______
_________ in Charleston, South Carolina. When Confederate forces responded to Lincoln’s refusal by
firing on the fort, the ________ ____ began. The war started in ______ and lasted until ______. A civil
war is war between people of the __________ country. After the Confederates’ attack on Fort Sumter,
President _________ asked the states to send troops to serve in the United States army. Instead of
sending troops to put down the rebellion, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas voted to
_________ from the Union and join the _____________.
Mounting __________ tensions throughout the 1850s and a failure of __________ will led to the
Civil War. The Standards of Learning for Virginia and United States History have identified seven major
causes of the Civil War. First, an ongoing _____________ debate occurred on several key issues. For
example, the North and the South continually debated __________ policy, the extension of __________
in the western territories, and the nature of the __________. When discussing the nature of the Union,
the South consistently took the _______ ________ position, while the North stood for a strong national
government. A second cause resulted from the continuous conflict between the northern
_____________ and southern _____________ of slavery. Third, the United States Supreme Court’s
decision in the ________ ________ case was another important cause of the Civil War. A fourth cause
was the publication of _________ _________ _______’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Fifth, ineffective
______________ leadership throughout the decade of the 1850s also contributed to the coming of the
Civil War. Sixth, a history of failed _______________ over the expansion of slavery in the territories
helped cause the war. Seventh, President ___________’s call for troops in 1861 was the final cause of the
Civil War identified by the Standards of Learning.
The secession of the Southern states triggered a long and costly war that concluded with
__________ victory, a restoration of the _________, and emancipation of the ________. In American
history, the term ______________ refers to freeing the African-American slaves. During the Civil War,
the early nineteenth century debate over the power of the _________ government vs. ________
_________finally reached a climax. The Civil War involved two important issues. First, the survival of the
United States as ______ nation was in danger. Second, the Civil War tested the United States’ ability to
live up to its ideals of ____________, _____________, and justice. More Americans died in the
________ ______ than in any other war in the nation’s history.
Many Americans distinguished themselves during the Civil War. For example, ____________
____________ served as president of the United States throughout the Civil War. Lincoln opposed
______________ and insisted the Union should be held together, by __________, if necessary.
Jefferson Davis served as president of the _____________ ________ of ___________. Before the
Civil War, _______ had served as a member of the United States Senate from the state of Mississippi.
_________ _ _______ was the greatest Union general. He won victories over the _________ after
several other Union commanders had failed. ____________ __. _______ was the most important
Confederate general and commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. Lee also opposed _____________.
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However, Lee did / did not believe the Union should be held together by force. After the war, Lee
encouraged Southerners to accept ____________ and __________ as Americans. Frederick Douglass
was a former enslaved African-American, who became an important _________-____________
__________________. Douglass encouraged President ___________ to recruit former enslaved
African-Americans and other free blacks to fight in the Union army.
The Civil War witnessed many famous battles, including _______________,
_____________, and __________________. In September 1862, Northern newspapers considered the
Battle of Antietam a major __________ victory over the Confederates, because Lee and his Confederate
army retreated from the battlefield in Sharpsburg, ___________ back into Virginia. Antietam was so
important because the North’s belief in a Union victory at Antietam allowed President __________ to
issue the Emancipation Proclamation. The Battle of Gettysburg was a major _____________ victory over
the ____________ in Pennsylvania in July 1863. Gettysburg proved to be the _____________ turning
point of the Civil War. Finally, Appomattox was the village in ______________ where Lee surrendered to
_________ to end the Civil War.
The Battle of Antietam marked a new stage in the Civil War, because after this battle President
Lincoln decided to issue the ________________ ________________. This proclamation freed those
___________who lived in ____________ states, which were still rebelling against the Union on January 1,
1863. The Emancipation Proclamation changed the character of the war, because _____________ of
____________ joined preservation of the ___________ as a Northern war aim. The Emancipation
Proclamation also discouraged both _________ _________ and ____________ from helping the
Confederacy, because neither one of these countries wanted to give the appearance of supporting
______________.
In November 1863, President Lincoln traveled to Gettysburg to dedicate a military cemetery there.
At this ceremony Lincoln delivered the famous ___________
____________. In this speech, Lincoln described the Union as ________ nation, rather than as a
federation of ______________, ________________ states. In contrast, the South had believed the
states had freely ___________ the Union and could freely leave or ___________ from it. In short,
Lincoln used the Gettysburg Address as a means to set forth his current belief that the Civil War was
fulfilling a dual purpose: 1) ____________ the __________; and 2) _____________ slavery. Finally,
Abraham Lincoln considered the Civil War a “Second American Revolution.” He held this belief, because by
ending African-American ___________ the United States made progress toward realizing the Declaration
of Independence’s ideal that “All men are created _______.”
The Civil War had a big impact on African-Americans, the ___________ ___________, and the
home front in ___________. The war had an effect on African-Americans, because the Emancipation
Proclamation allowed for the enlistment of African-American ____________. In addition, during the Civil
War, many enslaved African-Americans gained __________ by running behind Union lines when the Union
army approached.
The Civil War affected the common soldier through hand-to-hand _________, __________
warfare, and camp life that was often _________ and __________. Historians know about the life of the
common soldier by war time ___________ and __________ that the soldiers sent home during the war.
At the war’s end Southern soldiers often returned home to find that their houses had been __________
and their families were living in ___________. Many soldiers on both sides of the conflict came home
from the war __________ or __________, and many of them lived with permanent _____________.
The Civil War changed the lives of many women by requiring them to assume _________________
roles on the home front. During the war, they managed homes and families with ________ resources and
frequently faced ___________ and __________. Many women also took on new roles in
______________, ___________, and in _______ industries during the Civil War.
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