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Herodotus, Ionia, and the Greco-Persian Wars History 111: Lecture 19 (November 3, 2009): The vastness of the Persian Empire The empire's northwestern frontier: Medes unable to conquer Lydia Rich as Croesus: Resources of Lydian kingdom The view from Ionia: Greek cities of the eastern Aegean Major cities: Halicarnassus (Bodrum), Miletus, and Ephesus Key islands: Samos, Chios, and Lesbos The intellectual world of the “Ionian Renaissance” The Presocratics: Thales of Miletus and the eclipse Hecataeus of Miletus and his map of the world Herodotus and the invention of history Herodotus’s method: comparing stories, interviewing priests The origins of the conflict between Europe and Asia Croesus and the oracle at Delphi: “A great kingdom will fall...” Persian hegemony: Imposition of client-rulers (tyrants) in Ionian city-states The Ionian Revolt (499 BC) Sparta refuses aid, but Athens and Eritrea send 25 ships The burning of Sardis The Persian war machine under King Darius Naval expedition sent against Greek mainland Battle of Marathon, 490 B.C. (Athenian general: Miltiades) “Sire, remember the Athenians”: The army of Xerxes (486-465 B.C.) Bridging the Hellespont “Then, I will fight in the shade”: The Spartans at Thermopylae Spartans and Persians, Hollywood style: The “300” “The wooden walls”: Themistocles and the oracle at Delphi The Athenian naval victory at Salamis, 480 B.C. The Greco-Persian wars as historical paradigm