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Philosophy of Peace and Nonviolent Action WHAT IS PEACE? Negative Peace Absence of War/Armed Conflict E.g. Pax Romana Peace of truce/stalemate: modus vivendi Cold War: Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) as deterrent Kant denies this is genuine peace, where parties make “secret reservation of the material for future war” Can there be genuine Peace without justice? “I have almost reached the regrettable conclusion that the Negro's great stumbling block in his stride toward freedom is not the White Citizen's Counciler or the Ku Klux Klanner, but the white moderate, who is more devoted to "order" than to justice; who prefers a negative peace which is the absence of tension to a positive peace which is the presence of justice; who constantly says: "I agree with you in the goal you seek, but I cannot agree with your methods of direct action” MLK Letter from a Birmingham Jail Positive Peace Peace with Justice Rawls claims that positive peace is attained when all parties are “satisfied with the status quo for the right reasons” Democracy and the establishment of Universal Rights as a condition of peace Is (limited) war an acceptable means by which to establish stability and work towards peace? E.g. Libya, Burma (during floods), Kosovo… Positive Peace cont. Peace as a state of rest, wholeness, or completion Peace as a “family resemblance” The normative dimension of peace “The peace of a just and tranquil order is something like a condition of wholeness in which there is solidarity, mutual respect, and satisfaction of needs. In this vision of peace there is genuine community. “ – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Positive Peace cont. Personal Peace: Personal Transformation, Religion, and Ethics Peace as a spiritual development Christianity/Mystical: the peace of God that surpasses all understanding (as in Philippians 4.7). The ideal of peace is associated with salvation/union with the deity. Buddhism: “the idea propounded by Thich Nhat Hanh of “being peace” that is connected to Buddhist practice” (ibid.) “peace is a state of tranquility founded on the deep sense of security that arises from mutual understanding, tolerance of others’ point of view, and respect for their rights” (Dalai Lama) Personal Perfection Virtue Ethics: “Peacefulness is understood as a virtue that is connected to other virtues such as modesty, tolerance, and mercy… not mere quietism and the passivity of meditation or contemplation. Jay McDaniel has recently argued in favor of a notion of “creative peace” in which there is tension and activity as individuals and cultures must learn to listen to and interact with one another.” (ibid))