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Latin II
Review of 1st Year & 1st Semester Latin II
Nomen mihi est ______________________
I. Latin nouns are used in six cases:
Nominative: used as a subject or predicate nom. (after a linking verb) to complete the meaning of the subject.
Genitive:
Genitive of possession
Use no preposition to convey the idea ‘of’ or an apostrophe.
Vitam puellae servo.
I save the life of the girl.
Objective genitive
Use as the object of a noun with a verbal force to mean ‘of’, ‘for’, ‘from’, ‘over’.
the love for friends
amor amicorum
the flight from enemies
fuga inimicorum
Genitive of the whole/ Partitive genitive
Use to express the whole or part of some thing/group, esp. with ordinals.
part of the city
pars urbis
no
one
of your enemies
nemo inimicorum tuorum
enough eloquence
satis eloquentiae
the first and second of my sons
filiorum meorum primus et secundus
Genitive of Description
Used when in English a noun of quality is modified by an adjective.
A man of great courage
vir magnae virtutis
Genitive of Measure
Used with definite measurements (with numbers); the dimension is abl. of respect!
A twenty foot river
amnis viginti pedum
Dative:
Indirect object
Use frequently with words meaning ‘give, say, show, tell, entrust, etc.’ to mean ‘to’ or ‘for’.
Puellae cibum dono.
I give food to the girl.
Dative of reference
Use to show to the person benefitted, harmed, or referenced by the action of the verb.
Meo amico villam aedificant.
They are building a house for my friend.
Dat. with adj.
Use a noun in dat. with amicus, carus, finitimus, gratus, idoneus, inimicus, notus, propinquus, vicinus.
Poeni Troianis amici sunt.
The Phonecians are friendly to the Trojans.
Dat. of possession Use with the verb sum or compound of sum like dēsum, dēesse, dēfuī, dēfutūrus be missing, be lacking.
Sunt tibi animus et mōrēs.
You have soul and character.
Dative of Purpose
Use to show purpose or result with certain nouns, esp. auxilio (as a aid/help), cordi (for a heart/
dear), curae (for a care), impedimento (as a hindrance), saluti (as a salvation), usui (as a use)
Hoc auxilio praebet.
He offers this as an aid.
Double dative
The dative of purpose with the dative of reference.
This serves as a help to me.
Hoc mihi auxilio est.
Accusative:
Direct object
Use no preposition as the object of a transitive verb.
Men carry money.
Viri pecuniam portaverunt
Accusative of place to which
Use ad, in, prope, sub, etc. to show motion towards.
They sailed to the island.
Ad insulam navigaverunt.
Predicate Accusative
With a verb of making, naming, or choosing.
I call my daughter Helen.
Filiam voco Helenam.
Accusative of Extent of Space
Use without a preposition to answer: How far?
He walked 100 feet.
Centum pedes ambulavit.
Accusative of Duration of Time
Use without a preposition to answer: How long? In English use “for”.
We will wait for them for three hours.
Eos tres horas exspectabimus.
Double Accusative
Rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatus & doceo, docēre, docui, doctus may have a person & a thing as
direct objects in the accusative case—‘double’!
He will teach us knowledge.
Scientiam nos docet.
Ablative:
Ablative of place where
Use in to convey the idea of ‘in’ or ‘on’.
Rome is in Italy.
Roma est in Italiā.
Ablative of place from which
Use ā/ab, de, ē/ex to convey the idea of ‘from’
Viri ex aquā portantur.
The men are carried from the water.
Ablative of accompaniment
Use cum to indicate ‘with’ or ‘together with’
Cum amico navigabo.
I will sail with a friend.
Ablative of means
Use no preposition to show ‘by’, ‘by means of’ or ‘with’
They saved the boys with food.
Pueros cibo servabant.
Ablative of agent
Used to show the person by whom the action of a passive verb is being done
The country will be saved by the soldiers.
Patria a militibus servabitur.
Use to express the respect in which an adjective, noun or verb is true.
Ablative of specification/ respect
They excel in courage.
Virtute superant.
Ablative with preposition ‘ex’ or
Use instead of the partitive gen. with specific numbers & certain words such as
‘de’
‘pauci’ & ‘quidam’.
Few
(of
the) sailors are sailing..
Pauci ex nautis navigant.
Ablative of separation
Use to indicate a person/thing separated from some other with no movement.
He freed the women from fear.
Feminas timōre līberāvit.
Ablative of manner
Use cum to indicate ‘how’. Cum is sometimes omitted when there is a adj./noun
He labors with great eagerness.
Magno (cum) studio laborat.
Ablative of Price With verbs of buying, selling, & exchanging the price or means of payment is in the abl. with no prep.
He bought the field for 20 gold pieces.
Agrum viginti aureis emit.
Ablative Time When/Within Which Use without a prep. to indicate when or within which—do not use ‘for’ in English!
At the fifth hour he departed.
Quinque horā migravit.
Ablative of Degree of Difference
Use no prep. to answer: By how much? Frequently with the adverbs ante & post.
Tribus post annis migravit.
Three years later he departed.
Ablative of Description
Used when in English a noun of quality is modified by an adjective.
A man of great courage
vir magnā virtute
Vocative: addresses a person. In Latin the vocative has the same form as the nominative EXCEPT the vocative
singular of a 2nd declension –us noun or adjective ends in –e, the –ius noun ends in –i, but –ius adjective ends in –ie.
Nota Bene: meus, mea, meum has the irregular vocative masculine singular form mi.
Locative: With names of cities, domus, and rus, for prepositions we have no use!
Place constructions regarding names of cities, towns, small islands, domus, domūs, rus, ruris, and humus, humi
do NOT use a preposition! The Accusative of Place Where will be in the accusative case with no preposition
and the Ablative of Place from Which will be in the ablative case with no preposition. The Ablative of Place
Where for just these names of cities, towns, small islands, domus, domūs, rus, ruris, and humus, humi will be in
the Locative case with no preposition. The Locative case for these words is:
1st declension: exactly like the dative form!
2nd declension: exactly like the genitive singular form for the singular, like the dative plural for the plural!
3rd declension: exactly like the dative form!
domus, domūs: domi
Apposition: A noun which restates (renames) or further identifies another noun is said to be an appositive. Marcus,
amicus meus, ā mē laudabitur. Marcus, my friend, will be praised by me.
singular
plural
Plural
singular
Plural
1st decl.
2nd us decl. singular
2nd n. decl.
Nominative
nominative
carrus
carri
nominative
signum
signa
silva
silvae
Genitive
genitive
carri
carrorum
genitive
signi
signorum
silvae
silvarum
Dative
dative
carro
carris
dative
signo
signis
silvae
silvis
Accusative
accusative
carrum
carros
accusative
signum
signa
silvam
silvas
Ablative
ablative
carro
carris
ablative
signo
signis
silvā
silvis
2nder decl.
nominative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
vir
viri
viro
virum
viro
Plural
viri
virorum
viris
viros
viris
3rd n. decl.
nominative
genitive
dative
accusative
Ablative
singular
corpus
corporis
corpori
corpus
corpore
plural
corpora
corporum
corporibus
corpora
corporibus
2nd r decl.
nominative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
3rd i-stem m/f
nominative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
ager
agri
agro
agrum
agro
singular
finis
finis
fini
finem
fine
Plural
agri
agrorum
agris
agros
agris
plural
fines
finium
finibus
fines
finibus
3rdMFdecl
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
singular
homo
hominis
homini
hominem
homine
3rd i-stem n.
nominative
genitive
dative
accusative
ablative
singular
mare
maris
mari
mare
mari
Plural
homines
hominum
hominibus
homines
hominibus
plural
maria
marium
maribus
maria
maribus
Masculine and feminine 3rd declension nouns are i-stem nouns if either one or the other of these (not both):
1.) There is no increase in syllables between the nominative singular and genitive singular forms.
except: old man (senex, senis), young man (iuvenis, iuvenis), and dog (canis, canis).
civis, civis, m.& f.
citizen
finis, finis, m.
end
2.) There is a double consonant in the genitive singular form before the –is ending.
except: mother (mater, matris), father (pater, patris), and brother (frater, fratris).
nox, noctis, f.
night
pars, partis, f.
part, side
Neuter 3rd declension nouns are i-stem nouns if they end in –al, -ar, or –e in the nominative singular.
mare, maris, n. sea
animal, animalis, n.
animal
4th d.
m&f
singular
plural
4th d.
n.
singular
plural
5th d.
m.
singular
plural
5th d. f.
singular
plural
nom.
manus
manūs
nom.
cornu
cornua
nom.
dies
dies
nom.
res
res
gen.
manūs manuum gen.
cornus
cornuum
gen.
diei
dierum
gen.
rei
rerum
dat.
manuī
manibus dat.
cornu
cornibus
dat.
diei
diebus
dat.
rei
rebus
acc.
manum
manūs
acc.
cornu
cornua
acc.
diem
dies
acc.
rem
res
abl.
manū
manibus abl.
cornu
cornibus
abl.
die
diebus
abl.
re
rebus
II. Adverbs: In Latin an adverb can be formed from some 1st & 2nd declension adjectives by adding –e to the stem.
latus, lata, latum = late widely miser, misera, miserum = misere wretchedly
III. Pronouns
Personal pronouns:
st
singular
plural
singular
plural
1 p.
2nd p.
Nom. ego
I
nos
We
Nom.
tu
you
vos
you
Gen. meī
of me
nostrum
of us
Gen.
tuī
of you
vestrum
of you
Dat. mihi
to/for me
nobis
to/for us
Dat.
tibi
to/for you
vobis
to/for you
Acc.
mē
Me
nos
Us
Acc.
tē
you
vos
you
Abl.
mē
by/with me
nobis
by/with us
Abl.
tē
by/with you
vobis
by/with you
Note: DO NOT use the genitive forms to indicate possession. Use the possessive adjectives to modify nouns:
meus, mea, meum; tuus, tua, tuum; noster, nostra, nostrum; vester, vestra, vestrum
Refelxive pronouns: These refer back to the subject of the sentence (like reflexive adjectives) and do not have a
nominative form. 1st & 2nd person personal pronouns can be used reflexively. The 3rd person has its own particular forms.
Third Person Reflexive Pronouns
nominative
----------genitive
of himself, of herself, of itself, of themselves
sui
dative
to/for himself, to/for herself, to/for itself, to/for themselves
sibi
accusative
himself, herself, itself, themselves
sē
ablative
by/with
himself,
by/with herself, by/with itself, by/with themselves
sē
Relative Pronouns:
who, which, that.
singular
plural
masculine
feminine
neuter
masculine
feminine
neuter
qui
quae
quod
qui
quae
quae
cuius
cuius
cuius
quorum
quarum
quorum
cui
cui
cui
quibus
quibus
quibus
quem
quam
quod
quos
quas
quae
quo
quā
quo
quibus
quibus
quibus
Demonstratives: hic, haec, hoc (this, these): iste, ista, istud (that near you, those near you): ille, illa, illud (that, those):
hic
huius
huic
hunc
hoc
hi
horum
his
hos
his
singular
haec
huius
huic
hanc
hāc
plural
hae
harum
his
has
his
hoc
huius
huic
hoc
hoc
iste
istius
isti
istum
isto
haec
horum
his
haec
his
isti
istorum
istis
istos
istis
singular
ista
istius
isti
istam
istā
plural
istae
istarum
istis
istas
istis
istud
istius
isti
istud
isto
ille
illius
illi
illum
illo
ista
istorum
istis
ista
istis
illi
illorum
illis
illos
illis
singular
illa
illius
illi
illam
illā
plural
illae
illarum
illis
illas
illis
illud
illius
illi
illud
illo
illa
illorum
illis
illa
illis
is, ea, id (he, she, it, this, that, they, these, those)
singular
is
eius
ei
eum
eo
he
of him/his
to/for him
him
by/with him
ea
eius
ei
eam
eā
ei, ii
eorum
eis
eos
eis
they
of them/their
to/for them
them
by/with them
eae
earum
eis
eas
eis
she
of her/hers
to/for her
her
by/with her
id
eius
ei
id
eo
it
of it/its
to/for it
it
by/with it
they
of them/their
to/for them
them
by/with them
ea
eorum
eis
ea
eis
they
of them/their
to/for them
them
by/with them
plural
idem, eadem, idem (the same, this same, that same):
singular
plural
eadem
eidem
eaedem
eadem
idem
idem
eiusdem
eiusdem
eiusdem
eorundem
earundem
eorundem
eidem
eidem
eidem
eisdem
eisdem
eisdem
eosdem
easdem
eadem
eundem
eandem
idem
eodem
eādem
eodem
eisdem
eisdem
eisdem
ipse, ipsa, ipsum ‘myself/ourselves’, ‘yourself/yourselves’, ‘himself/ herself/itself/themselves’, ‘very’, and ‘actual.’
singular
plural
ipse
ipsa
ipsum
ipsi
ipsae
ipsa
ipsius
ipsius
ipsius
ipsorum
ipsarum
ipsorum
ipsi
ipsi
ipsi
ipsis
ipsis
ipsis
ipsum
ipsam
ipsum
ipsos
ipsas
ipsa
ipso
ipsā
ipso
ipsis
ipsis
ipsis
IV. Prepositions:
with objects in the ablative
with objects in the accusative
ā/ab
from, away from/by(agent)
ad
to, towards, near
cum
with
ante
before, in front of
de
down from, about
contra
against
ē/ex
from, out of
in
into, onto, against
in
in, on
per
through, by
sub
under, at the foot of
post
after, behind, in back of
prae
before, ahead of; in comparison with
sub
up to, to the foot of, to under
pro
before, out in front of; for
super
over, above
trans
across
circum
around
inter
among, between
prope
near
V. Adjectives
First and Second Declension Adjectives
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
magnus
magni
magno
magnum
magno
Singular
magna
magnae
magnae
magnam
magnā
magnum
magni
magno
magnum
magno
magni
magnorum
magnis
magnos
magnis
Plural
magnae
magnarum
magnis
magnas
magnis
magna
magnorum
magnis
magna
magnis
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
liber
liberi
libero
liberum
libero
Singular
libera
liberae
liberae
liberam
liberā
liberum
liberi
libero
liberum
libero
liberi
liberorum
liberis
liberos
liberis
Plural
liberae
liberarum
liberis
liberas
liberis
libera
liberorum
liberis
libera
liberis
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
sacer
sacri
sacro
sacrum
sacro
Singular
sacra
sacrae
sacrae
sacram
sacrā
sacrum
sacri
sacro
sacrum
sacro
sacri
sacrorum
sacris
sacros
sacris
Plural
sacrae
sacrarum
sacris
sacras
sacris
sacra
sacrorum
sacris
sacra
sacris
Substantive: An adjective used in place of a noun. Masc. & fem. forms refer to people, the n. refer to things.
Irregular 1st and 2nd Declension adjectives These adjectives have –ius as their genitive singular, and –i for their dative
singular. All of their other forms are regular, like those of magnus, -a, -um.
Unus, una, unum
one
Neuter, neutra, neutrum
neither (of two)
Nullus, nulla, nullum not any, no...
Alter, altera, alterum
the other (of two), the second
Ullus, ulla, ullum
any
Uter, utra, utrum
which (of two)
Solus, sola, solum
only, alone
Totus, tota, totum
whole, all
Alius, alia, aliud
other, another
singular
plural
totus
tota
totum
toti
totae
tota
totorum
totarum
totorum
totius
totius
totius
totis
totis
totis
toti
toti
toti
totum
totam
totum
totos
totas
tota
toto
totā
toto
totis
totis
totis
Third Declension Adjectives
1.) three endings- all genders are different in the nominative singular: celer, celeris, celere.
singular
plural
masculine
feminine
neuter
masculine
feminine
neuter
celer
celeris
celere
celeres
celeres
celeria
celeris
celeris
celeris
celerium
celerium
celerium
celeri
celeri
celeri
celeribus
celeribus
celeribus
celerem
celerem
celere
celeres
celeres
celeria
celeri
celeri
celeri
celeribus
celeribus
celeribus
2.) two endings- masculine and feminine are the same and end in –is, neuter ends in –e: fortis, forte.
singular
plural
masculine & feminine
neuter
masculine & feminine
neuter
fortis
forte
fortes
fortia
fortis
fortis
fortium
fortium
forti
forti
fortibus
fortibus
fortem
forte
fortes
fortia
forti
forti
fortibus
fortibus
3. one ending- one form for all genders: par.
singular
plural
masculine & feminine
neuter
masculine & feminine
neuter
par
par
pares
paria
paris
paris
parium
parium
pari
pari
paribus
paribus
parem
par
pares
paria
pari
pari
paribus
paribus
Unus, una, unum;
duo, duae, duo;
tres, tria;
Mille (indeclinable singular)
masc.si. fem.si. n. si.
masc. pl. fem. pl.
n. pl.
masc. & fem. pl.
n. pl.
singular
plural
nom.
unus
una
unum
duo
duae
duo
tres
tria
mille
milia
gen.
unius
unius unius
duorum
duarum duorum
trium
trium
mille
milium
dat.
uni
uni
uni
duobus
duabus duobus
tribus
tribus
mille
milibus
acc.
unum
unam unum
duos
duas
duo
tres
tria
mille
milia
abl.
uno
unā
uno
duobus
duabus duobus
tribus
tribus
mille
milibus
VI. Questions: Questions can ask for information or ask for a yes or no answer. For questions that ask for a ‘yes’ or ‘no’
answer the enclitic –ne is added to the first word in the sentence. Sometimes the question is asked in such a way that the
answer ‘yes’ is expected and the word ‘Nonne’ begins the question. Sometimes ‘no’ is the expected response and then the
question begins with the word ‘Num’.To ask for information use ‘cur’ why, ‘ubi’ where, the interrogative pronoun or
interrogative adjective.
As a subset of questions that ask for information, some questions ask for very specific information, a choice between
two or more supposed answers that are offered in the question. In these types of questions, the particle ‘Utrum’ is
used at the beginning of the sentence and an ‘or’, or annon ‘or not’ separates the choices offered.
Utrum dedit regina regnum filio an filiae?
Did the queen give the kingdom to her son or to her daughter?
Urtum dedit regina regnum filio annon?
Did the queen give the kingdom to her son, or not?
Interrogative pronouns: “who?” “whose?” “whom?” “what?” “which?”
singular
plural
neuter
masculine
feminine
neuter
masculine and feminine
qui
quae
quae
quis
quid
cuius
cuius
quorum
quarum
quorum
cui
cui
quibus
quibus
quibus
quos
quas
quae
quem
quid
quo
quibus
quibus
quibus
quo
Interrogative Adjectives: “which?” “whom?” “what?” “what kind?” “what kind of?”
singular
Plural
masculine
feminine
neuter
masculine
feminine
neuter
qui
quae
quod
qui
quae
quae
cuius
cuius
cuius
quorum
quarum
quorum
cui
cui
cui
quibus
quibus
quibus
quem
quam
quod
quos
quas
quae
quo
quā
quo
quibus
quibus
quibus
VII. Verbs: You must be able to identify the verb’s conjugation & principal parts to properly form the tenses!!!
st
1 conjugation
2nd conjugation
3rd conjugation
rd
3 – io conjugation
4th conjugation
1st principal part ending
-o
-eo
-o
-io
-io
2nd principal part ending
-are
-ēre
-ere
-ere
-īre
Present system tenses (present, imperfect, & future) use the present stem. Perfect active system tenses use the perfect stem
& perfect passive system tenses use the 4th principal part and forms of the verb sum as a helping verb).
1st conjugation: laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus
present
1st
2nd
3rd
imperfect
1st
2nd
3rd
future
1st
2nd
3rd
perfect
1st
2nd
3rd
pluperfect
1st
2nd
3rd
future perfect
1st
2nd
3rd
I praise, am praising, do praise
laudo
laudamus
laudas
laudatis
laudat
laudant
I was praising, praised, used to praise
laudabam
laudabamus
laudabas
laudabatis
laudabat
laudabant
I will praise
laudabo
laudabimus
laudabis
laudabitis
laudabit
laudabunt
I have praised, praised, did praise
laudavi
laudavimus
laudavisti
laudavistis
laudavit
laudaverunt
I had praised
laudaveram
laudaveramus
laudaveras
laudaveratis
laudaverat
laudaverant
I shall have praised
laudavero
laudaverimus
laudaveris
laudaveritis
laudaverit
laudaverint
I am praised, am being praised
laudor
laudamur
laudaris
laudamini
laudatur
laudantur
I was being praised, was praised, used to be praised
laudabar
laudabamur
laudabaris
laudabamini
laudabatur
laudabantur
I will be praised
laudabor
laudabimur
* laudaberis *
laudabimini
laudabitur
laudabuntur
I have been praised
laudatus, laudata, laudatum sum
laudati, laudatae, laudata sumus
laudatus, laudata, laudaum es
laudati, laudatae, laudata estis
laudatus, laudata, laudaum est
laudati, laudatae, laudata sunt
I had been praised
laudatus, laudata, laudatum eram
laudati, laudatae, laudata eramus
laudatus, laudata, laudaum eras
laudati, laudatae, laudata eratis
laudatus, laudata, laudaum erat
laudati, laudatae, laudata erant
I shall have been praised
laudatus, laudata, laudatum ero
laudati,laudatae, laudata erimus
laudatus, laudata, laudaum eris
laudati, laudatae, laudata eritis
laudatus, laudata, laudaum erit
laudati, laudatae, laudata erunt
2nd Conjugation: moneo, monēre, monui, monitus
present
I warn, am warning, do warn
1st
moneo
monemus
2nd
mones
monetis
3rd
monet
monent
imperfect
I was warning, warned, used to warn
1st
monebam
monebamus
2nd
monebas
monebatis
3rd
monebat
monebant
future
I will warn
1st
monebo
monebimus
2nd
monebis
monebitis
3rd
monebit
monebunt
perfect
I have warned, warned, did warn
1st
monui
monuimus
2nd
monuisti
monuistis
3rd
monuit
monuerunt
pluperfect
I had warned
1st
monueram
monueramus
2nd
monueras
monueratis
3rd
monuerat
monuerant
future perfect
I shall have warned
1st
monuero
monuerimus
2nd
monueris
monueritis
3rd
monuerit
monuerint
3rd Conjugation: duco, ducere, duxi, ductus
present
I lead, am leading, do lead
1st
duco
ducimus
2nd
ducis
ducitis
3rd
ducit
ducunt
imperfect
I was leading, led, used to lead
1st
ducebam
ducebamus
2nd
ducebas
ducebatis
3rd
ducebat
ducebant
future
I will lead
1st
ducam
ducemus
2nd
duces
ducetis
3rd
ducet
ducent
perfect
I have led, led, did lead
1st
duxi
duximus
2nd
duxisti
duxistis
3rd
duxit
duxerunt
pluperfect
I had led
1st
duxeram
duxeramus
2nd
duxeras
duxeratis
3rd
duxerat
duxerant
future perfect
I shall have led
1st
duxero
duxerimus
2nd
duxeris
duxeritis
3rd
duxerit
duxerint
3rd –io Conjugation: capio, capere, cepi, captus
present
I seize, am seizing, do seize
1st
capio
capimus
2nd
capis
capitis
3rd
capit
capiunt
imperfect
I was seizing, seized, used to seize
1st
capiebam
capiebamus
2nd
capiebas
capiebatis
3rd
capiebat
capiebant
future
I will seize
I am warned, am being warned
moneor
monemur
moneris
monemini
monetur
monentur
I was being warned, was warned, used to be warned
monebar
monebamur
monebaris
monebamini
monebatur
monebantur
I will be warned
monebor
monebimur
* moneberis *
monebimini
monebitur
monebuntur
I have been warned
monitus, monita, monitum sum
moniti, monitae, monita sumus
monitus, monita, monitum es
moniti, monitae, monita estis
monitus, monita, monitum est
moniti, monitae, monita sunt
I had been warned
monitus, monita, monitum eram
moniti, monitae, monita eramus
monitus, monita, monitum eras
moniti, monitae, monita eratis
monitus, monita, monitum erat
moniti, monitae, monita erant
I shall have been warned
monitus, monita, monitum ero
moniti, monitae, monita erimus
monitus, monita, monitum eris
moniti, monitae, monita eritis
monitus, monita, monitum erit
moniti, monitae, monita erunt
I am led, am being led,
ducor
ducimur
* duceris *
ducimini
ducitur
ducuntur
I was being led, was led, used to be led
ducebar
ducebamur
ducebaris
ducebamini
ducebatur
ducebantur
I will be led
ducar
ducemur
ducēris
ducemini
ducetur
ducentur
I have been led
ductus, ducta, ductum sum
ducti, ductae, ducta sumus
ductus, ducta, ductum es
ducti, ductae, ducta estis
ductus, ducta, ductum est
ducti, ductae, ducta sunt
I had been led
ductus, ducta, ductum eram
ducti, ductae, ducta eramus
ductus, ducta, ductum eras
ducti, ductae, ducta eratis
ductus, ducta, ductum erat
ducti, ductae, ducta erant
I shall have been led
ductus, ducta, ductum ero
ducti, ductae, ducta erimus
ductus, ducta, ductum eris
ducti, ductae, ducta eritis
ductus, ducta, ductum erit
ducti, ductae, ducta erunt
I am seized, am being seized
capior
capimur
* caperis *
capimini
capitur
capiuntur
I was being seized, was seized, used to be seized
capiebar
capiebamur
capiebaris
capiebamini
capiebatur
capiebantur
I will be seized
1st
capiam
capiemus
2nd
capies
capietis
3rd
capiet
capient
perfect
I have seized, seized, did seize
1st
cepi
cepimus
2nd
cepisti
cepistis
3rd
cepit
ceperunt
pluperfect
I had seized
1st
ceperam
ceperamus
2nd
ceperas
ceperatis
3rd
ceperat
ceperant
future perfect
I shall have seized
1st
cepero
ceperimus
2nd
ceperis
ceperitis
3rd
ceperit
ceperint
4th Conjugation: audio, audīre, audivi, auditus
present
I hear, am hearing, do hear
1st
audio
audimus
2nd
audis
auditis
3rd
audit
audiunt
imperfect
I was hearing, heard, used to hear
1st
audiebam
audiebamus
2nd
audiebas
audiebatis
3rd
audiebat
audiebant
future
I will hear
1st
audiam
audiemus
2nd
audies
audietis
3rd
audiet
audient
perfect
I have heard, heard, did hear
1st
audivi
audivimus
2nd
audivisti
audivistis
3rd
audivit
audiverunt
pluperfect
I had heard
1st
audiveram
audiveramus
2nd
audiveras
audiveratis
3rd
audiverat
audiverant
future perfect
I shall have heard
1st
audivero
audiverimus
2nd
audiveris
audiveritis
3rd
audiverit
audiverint
capiar
capieris
capietur
capiemur
capiemini
capientur
I have been seized
captus, capta, captum sum
capti, captae, capta sumus
captus, capta, captum es
capti, captae, capta estis
captus, capta, captum est
capti, captae, capta sunt
I had been seized
captus, capta, captum eram
capti, captae, capta eramus
captus, capta, captum eras
capti, captae, capta eratis
captus, capta, captum erat
capti, captae, capta erant
I shall have been seized
captus, capta, captum ero
capti, captae, capta erimus
captus, capta, captum eris
capti, captae, capta eritis
captus, capta, captum erit
capti, captae, capta erunt
I am heard, am being heard
audior
audimur
* audiris *
audimini
auditur
audiuntur
I was being heard, was heard, used to be heard
audiebar
audiebamur
audiebaris
audiebamini
audiebatur
audiebantur
I will be heard
audiar
audiemur
audieris
audiemini
audietur
audientur
I have been heard
auditus, audita, auditum sum
auditi, auditae, audita sumus
auditus, audita, auditum es
auditi, auditae, audita estis
auditus, audita, auditum est
auditi, auditae, audita sunt
I had been heard
auditus, audita, auditum eram
auditi, auditae, audita eramus
auditus, audita, auditum eras
auditi, auditae, audita eratis
auditus, audita, auditum erat
auditi, auditae, audita erant
I shall have been heard
auditus, audita, auditum ero
auditi, auditae, audita erimus
auditus, audita, auditum eris
auditi, auditae, audita eritis
auditus, audita, auditum erit
auditi, auditae, audita erunt
B. The present active infinitive of regular Latin verbs, the second principal part, is indicated by the ending –re.
portare= to carry
monēre= to warn
dicere= to say
capere= to seize
munīre= to fortify
laudare= to praise
habēre= to hold
ducere= to lead
afficere= to affect
audīre= to hear
The 4th principal part is the perfect passive participle. It may be used as an adjective, agreeing with its noun in gender,
number, & case. It is translated as ‘having been _________ed’, or just ‘____________ed’.
laudatus having been praised or praised
Consilium laudatum the praised plan
C. Present active imperatives: The imperative mood is used to express a command.
SINGULAR = the present stem Porta! Carry! Doce! Teach! Trahe! drag! Cape! Seize! Muni! Fortify!
PLURAL (1st, 2nd, & 4th conj.) = the present stem + -te Portate! Carry! Docete! Teach! Munite! Fortify!
PLURAL (3rd & 3rd –io conj.) = the –e on the stem becomes –i, then add –te Trahite! Drag! Capite! Seize!
Note: There are five irregular imperatives: Duc! Lead! Fac! Do!
(Dic! Fer! Ferte! You have not learned this word yet)
Present passive imperatives:
SINGULAR = the present stem + -re Portare! Be Carried! Docere! Be taught! Trahere! Be dragged! Capere! Be
Seized! Munire! Be fortified!
PLURAL (1st, 2nd, & 4th conj.) = the present stem + -mini Portamini! Be carried! Docemini! Be taught! Munimini!
Be fortified!
PLURAL (3rd & 3rd –io conj.) = the –e on the stem becomes –i, then add –mini Trahimini! Be dragged! Capimini! Be
Seized!
D. Supine
One of the uses of the fourth principal part of a verb is what is called the supine. Certain verbs like sum that
have fourth principal parts in –urus, -ura, -urum, do not have a supine. There are two types of supine:
commonly known as the supine in –m (the accusative) and the supine in –u (the ablative). Each of these two
types has a limited and very specific use.
The supine in –m is used with a verb of motion to express purpose. This is the most common use of the supine.
Domum visum ambulavit.
He walked to see the house.
The supine in –u is far less common and used with very few verbs: auditu (audio), dictu (dico), factu (facio),
inventu (invenio), visu (video), and memoratu (memoro). This use of the supine is an example of the ablative of
specification. It is used mainly with adjectives, sometimes with nouns (fas, nefas) and very rarely with verbs.
Quae res inventu facilis non est?
What thing is not easy to find?
E. Sum, the state of being verb, is only active and never has a direct object. Sum, esse, fui, futurus
present
1st
2nd
3rd
imperfect
1st
2nd
3rd
future
1st
2nd
3rd
I am
sum
es
est
sumus
estis
sunt
I was
eram
eras
erat
eramus
eratis
erant
I will be
ero
eris
erit
erimus
eritis
erunt
perfect
1st
2nd
3rd
pluperfect
1st
2nd
3rd
future perfect
1st
2nd
3rd
I have been
fui
fuisti
fuit
fuimus
fuistis
fuerunt
I had been
fueram
fueramus
fueras
fueratis
fuerat
fuerant
I shall have been
fuero
fuerimus
fueris
fueritis
fuerit
fuerint
VIII. Clauses
Sentences can be simple or compound. A sentence with a single statement is referred to as a simple sentence.
Locus est sacer.
The place is sacred.
A sentence with more than one statement is referred to as a compound sentence. In a compound sentence each statement is
referred to as a clause. Clauses can be coordinate and joined together by a coordinate conjunction. These clauses are usually
independent and could stand as separate sentences.
Locus non est sacer. Āra est sacra.
The place is not sacred. The altar is sacred.
Locus non est sacer, sed āra est sacra.
The place is not sacred, but the altar is sacred.
Some sentences contain a main or principal clause and a subordinate clause that modifies the main clause. The main clause
typically could stand as a separate sentence, but the subordinate clause would not be able to do so.
Locus est sacer. In quo ara stat...???
The place is sacred. In which the altar stands...???
Locus in quō āra stat est sacer.
The place in which the altar stands is sacred.
Sum femina nunc. Puella habitabam in Italiā.
I am a woman now. As a girl I lived in Italy.
Sum femina nunc, sed ubi puella eram in Italiā habitabam.
I am a woman now, but when I was a girl I lived in Italy.
It is imperative that you review Lesson 10 and Lesson 26, especially the Lesson 26 Notes with the steps to translate!