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Insect carnivores and prey defense
February 18, 2008, Pages 151-159, pp. 159-164
1. Whereas primary consumers are ___________, secondary (and higher) consumers are called
_________.
2. In the following orders, indicate whether carnivory is rarely ®, commonly ©, or always present (@)
Araneida
Hemiptera
Coleoptera
Lepidoptera
Odonata
Neuroptera
Diptera
Hymenoptera
3. True or false: All classes of vertebrates include some insectivorous species.
4. Provide an example that proves that the statement below is false:
Due to their small size, insect predators are restricted to killing and consuming invertebrate prey.
5. Two physical attributes that characterize active predators are:
a.
b.
6. Many predators of active prey use _____________ to paralyze and immobilize their prey.
7. Why is a praying mantis called a praying mantis?
What is praying mantis style Kung Fu?
8. Provide an example of
a. ambush predation
b. insinuation
c. cleptoparasitism
9. Which of the following families contain primarily species that attack sedentary prey?
a. Coccinellidae
b. Syrphidae c. Chrysopidae
d. All of the above
10. Whereas predators kill (only one/many) prey, parasitoids typically kill (only one/many) host(s) in
the course of reaching maturity.
11. Name two orders in which parasitoids can be found:
a.
b.
12. What is polyembryony? In what order can it be found?
13. In addition to venoms parasitoid wasps often inject _________ into their hosts to arrest
development.
14. Provide an example of an ectoparasite:
and an endoparasite:
15. A parasitoid that develops continuously with its host is called a(n) _____________.
16. What is the historical significance of the vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis?
17. List four types of biological control agents that are readily available to home gardeners:
a.
b.
c.
d.
18. Who is Harmonia axyridis and why was it brought to the United States?
19. Give an example of a nontarget impact of biological control by insects
Give an example of a nontarget impact of biological control by vertebrates
20. Provide an example of an insect that relies on predator satiation for defense.
21. Classify the following as either primary (P) or secondary (S) defense:
a. reflex bleeding
d. osmeterial eversion
g. urticating hairs
b. homotypism
e. stinging
c. crypsis
f. thanatosis
22. Classify the following as either cryptic, homotypic, or aposematic:
a. walkingstick
c. monarch butterfly
b. crab spiders that change color to match background
d. peppered moth
e. swallowtail caterpillars that resemble bird droppings
23. Where would you be most likely to collect Biston betularia carbonaria, in an industrialized area or
in a rural area? Why?
24. What’s the technical term for “playing possum”?
25. Match the gland with its owner and its contents:
a. oozing gland
1. bombardier beetle
i. isobutyric acid
b. osmeterial gland
2. stink bug
ii. quinones
c. reactor gland
3. swallowtail caterpillar
iii. aldehydes
26. Which of the following insects is capable of reflex bleeding?
a. oil beetles
c. some fireflies
b. ladybird beetles
d. all of the above
27. What makes stinging hairs sting?
28. Name two insects that utilize enteric defenses and identify the source of the discharge:
a.
b.
29. Which defensive compounds are autogenous (A) and which sequestered from hostplants (S)?
a. aristolochic acid in pipevine caterpillars b. cardiac glycosides in milkweed bugs
c. cantharidin in blister beetles
d. formic acid in ants
30. Which of the following is NOT usually considered aposematic?
a. black
b. yellow
c. orange
d. brown
31. In a __________ mimicry system, the model is toxic and the mimic is palatable.
32. T/F: Monarch and viceroy butterflies constitute a Batesian mimicry complex
33. Heliconiine butterflies in Central America make up a series of _____________ mimicry
complexes.