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UNIT 13
WORLD WAR TWO
Unit 13 IB History of Europe McQuaid
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World War Two Timeline
• 1933: Hitler became Chancellor of
Germany.
• 1936: Germany sent troops into the
Rhineland.
• 1938: The Munich agreement.
• 1939: World War Two begins.
• 1940: The Battle of Britain. German
blitzkrieg.
• 1941: Pearl Harbor. Operation
Barbarossa.
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World War Two Timeline
• 1942: Dieppe. Stalingrad. Mass murder
of Jews began.
• 1943: Germans are defeated at
Stalingrad.
• 1944: D-Day. U.S. bombs Okinawa and
Iwo Jima.
• 1945: Germany surrendered. Hiroshima
and Nagasaki. The United Nations is
founded.
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13.1
Appeasement
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What is Appeasement?
• Prevent aggressors from starting
wars.
• Agree to those demands which seem
reasonable.
• Chamberlain used this policy with
Hitler in 1938.
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How was Hitler Appeased?
•
•
•
•
He violated the Treaty of Versailles.
1933: Germany began to rearm.
Reparations payments cease.
1935: Anglo-German Naval
agreement.
• 1936: Troops marched into the
Rhineland.
• 1938:UnitAnschluss
with Austria. 6
13 IB History of Europe McQuaid
Why did Chamberlain Follow
the policy of “Appeasement?”
• Appeasement would allow time to
rearm.
• Hitler would defend against Russian
Communism.
• People wanted peace.
• Britain could not fight Germany alone.
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Why Appeasement?
• Versailles had been too harsh.
• The League of Nations still existed.
• Neville Chamberlain misjudged Hitler.
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Results of Appeasement
• Britain was discredited.
• Millions of people came under Nazi
rule.
• Appeasement encouraged Hitler’s
territorial ambitions.
• Contributed to the signing of the NaziSoviet Pact.
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13.2
Long-Term Causes
of the Second
World War
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The Treaty of Versailles
•
•
•
•
Land taken from Germany.
Reparations.
The War Guilt clause (Article 231).
Germany was desperate for revenge.
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The Failures of the League
• Failed to stop aggressive moves in
the inter-war period.
• Manchuria and Abyssinia.
• The League did not deter Hitler or
Mussolini.
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The Impact of the
Depression
• International loans were called in.
• Unemployment and poverty spread
rapidly.
• Democracies seemed helpless.
• Contributed to the rise of aggressive
dictators.
• The Depression resulted in
appeasement.
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Hitler’s Ambitions
• Hitler would regain the territory lost at
Versailles.
• Lebensraum for his master race.
• Destroy communism.
• Massive rearmament campaigns
under Hitler.
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Appeasement
• Hitler regarded Britain as spineless.
• The USSR signed the Nazi-Soviet
Pact.
• The Munich Agreement was signed.
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The Nazi-Soviet Pact
• A two-front war was avoided.
• Hitler believed the pact would force
Britain to back down over Poland.
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13.3
Immediate Causes
of WWII
(1938-1939)
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Timeline of 1938
• September 28: The Munich
Agreement is signed.
• December 1: Britain sets up a
“National Register.
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Timeline of 1939
• January 2: RAF produces 400
planes a month.
• February 15: Defense spending set
at 580 million pounds a year.
• March 15: Hitler invades
Czechoslovakia.
• April 25: Parliament votes to spend
1 322 million pounds on defense.
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Timeline of 1939
• May 1: The Military Training Act
introduces conscription in Britain.
• May 22: Pact of Steel.
• August 23: The Nazi-Soviet Pact is
signed.
• September 1: Hitler invades Poland.
• September 3: Britain declares war
on Germany.
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German Rearmament
• By March 1935 the Luftwaffe had
2500 planes.
• Germany’s army numbered 300,000
men.
• Hitler publicly announced compulsory
military conscription.
• France and Britain did not respond.
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Navy
• 1935: Anglo-German Naval
Agreement.
• Allowed Germany 1/3 the tonnage of
the Royal Navy.
• Equal tonnage of submarines.
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Rhineland
• March 1936: 32 000 German soldiers
entered the Rhineland.
• France did not respond.
• He was confident to look toward land
in the East.
• Germany benefited from the industry
rich Rhineland.
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Anschluss with Austria
• German forces entered Vienna on
March 15, 1938.
• Britain and France verbally protested.
• 100 000 troops were added to the
German army.
• Germany gained control of Austrian
resources.
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Czechoslovakia
• The German population lived in the
Sudetenland.
• Hitler planned to invade Czechoslovakia in
1938.
• Germany, Britain, France and Italy met in
Munich.
• The Sudetenland is given to Germany.
• Britain warns Germany that Poland will be
protected.
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13.4
The Nature of
Warfare
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The Nature of the Second
World War
• Civilian Casualties are very high.
• Ideological Conflict: fascism versus
democracy.
• Total War: everywhere is a battlefield.
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Tactics of the Second World
War
• Blockade.
• Blitzkrieg or ‘Lightning War.’
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Technology
• Radar: gave the British great
advantage.
• Tanks: German tanks were small
and fast.
• Aircraft: bombing was a major
strategy of the war.
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Technology
• Medicine: prevented infections.
• Code Breaking: British were able to
crack the German enigma.
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13.5
Russia
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Operation Barbarossa
• A Blitzkrieg style invasion was
planned for Russia.
• Russia was heavily unprepared.
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Hitler’s Views
• Hitler’s racial prejudices.
• Russia had oil reserves and wheat.
• Control of Russia was basic to the
Nazi program.
• Russia was communist.
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Stalin’s Views
• Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression pact.
• Hitler was bogged down in the West
and South.
• A British ploy to pull Russia into a war
with Germany.
• Blitzkrieg made no sense against
such a large nation.
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The Battle of Stalingrad
• German military methods were studied.
• Battle of Attrition would undermine
Blitzkrieg.
• German army at Stalingrad become
trapped.
• 90% of German casualties came on the
Eastern Front.
• Russia had successfully undermined the
Blitzkrieg.
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• The turning
point
of
the
Eastern
Front.
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Why were the Germans
Defeated?
• Hitler underestimated Soviet forces
and equipment.
• The winter of 1941-42 was brutal.
• Supply problems.
• Inadequate Soviet roads.
• Retreating Russians used a
“scorched earth policy.”
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13.6
The Pacific Theatre
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Pearl Harbor
• The Americans would be an easy
target.
• A devastating attack would leave
Japan a free hand in the Pacific.
• The Japanese missed the most
crucial targets.
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Pearl Harbor
• The U.S. joined in the fight against
the Axis Powers.
• World War Two was now an
international war.
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Okinawa
• Part of a three-point American plan.
• Japanese forces were to hold the island at
all costs.
• The U.S. would destroy the remainder of
Japan’s merchant fleet.
• There were four airfields on the island.
• On July 2, 1945 Okinawa was declared
secure by the Americans with heavy
casualties on both sides.
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Iwo Jima
• The tiny island had two airfields.
• Japanese soldiers had strong defensive
positions.
• Iwo Jima was “softened up” by bombing
raids.
• The Marines took heavy casualties.
• Japanese determination would influence
the use of the atomic bombs.
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Factors in the Decision to Drop
the Bomb
• An invasion of Japan would be
avoided.
• The U.S.S.R. was set to enter the
Pacific War.
• The bomb had cost over two billion
dollars.
• Millions of Japanese lives would be
saved.
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• Only threeMcQuaid
bombs had been
Why were the Japanese so
successful at the start of the
war?
• The Japanese had developed modern
battle tactics.
• The Bushido belief.
• Japanese soldiers were trained to live off
the land.
• Japanese troops were supported by the
locals.
• America’s military was not yet fully
deployed.
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Why did Japan eventually lose
the Pacific War?
• The U.S. overwhelmed Japan with her
manpower and ability to produce war
goods.
• Japanese factories were heavily bombed.
• Pearl Harbor made great propaganda.
• Shipments from mainland Asia to Japan
were sunk.
• 104 000 tons of bombs were dropped on
Japan.
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13.7
The Holocaust
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Timeline of the Holocaust
• 1939: Jews must turn in radios and
wear yellow stars of David.
• 1940: Jews are forced into ghettos.
Nazis begin deporting Jews to
Poland.
• 1942: Jews are forbidden to use
public transportation or attend school.
Nazi officials discuss the 'Final
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Solution.’
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Timeline of the Holocaust
• 1943: 80 to 85 percent of the Jews to
die have already been murdered.
• 1944: Hitler began deporting 12,000
Hungarian Jews each day to
Auschwitz.
• 1945: World War II ends in Europe.
The death camps are emptied.
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Timeline of the Holocaust
• 1946: Nuremburg Trials.
• 1947: A Jewish homeland becomes
the State of Israel in 1948.
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Possible Causes of the
Holocaust
• Hitler’s personal vendetta.
• Hitler may have been mentally ill.
• Jews were prominent within the
Communist party.
• Jews had ‘stabbed Germany in the
back.’
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Stage One: Denial of Rights
(1933-1938)
• 1933: Jews lose the right to be German citizens.
• 1935: The Nuremburg Laws enforce segregation.
• 1938: All Jewish personal property was
confiscated.
• 1933-39: Government propaganda against the
Jews.
• 1933-39: Jewish schoolchildren are humiliated.
• By 1938, over 25% of the Jews in Germany had
left.
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Stage Two: Acceleration of
Persecution (1938-1941)
• Expulsion and Gettoization.
• As Nazi territory expanded, so did the
number of Jews.
• Ghettos.
• Kristallnacht.
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Stage Three: The Holocaust
(1941-1945)
• The Einsatzgruppe.
• The Wannsee Conference.
• The ‘Final Solution.’
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Nuremburg Trials
• Those responsible needed to be
brought to trial.
• Nuremburg sets a precedent in
human rights.
• 22 high ranking Nazi officers were
charged.
• 19 defendants were convicted.
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How Could the Holocaust
Happen?
• Well established anti-Semitism
existed.
• There was always the fear that you
will be next.
• All people were implicated in some
way.
• The Allies must accept some blame.
• Hitler knew nothing of the violence.
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13.8
Historiography of
Adolf Hitler
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Hitler on Hitler
• Mein Kampf.
• Written to create a myth rather than
describe his life.
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The Journalists’ Hitler
• Journalists of the 1920’s and 1930’s.
• Nazis were brutal thugs.
• Most journalists went into exile after
1933.
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The 1950’s
• Hitler genuinely believed in his cause.
• Hitler was ‘great in action’,
outmaneuvered opponents.
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The ‘Hitler-Wave’ of the 1960’s
• Without Hitler, there almost certainly
would never have been a Third Reich.
• An example of ‘the power of
personality’ in history.
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The 1970’s
• Began to use objective terminology.
• Psycho-historians suggested Hitler
was psychotic.
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Debates of the 1980’s and
1990’s
• Hitler was a product of his
environment.
• He would have gotten nowhere at any
other time or place.
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Historiography of the
Holocaust
• Functionalists refute the contention
that Adolf Hitler was the sole initiator
of the Holocaust.
• Nazi policy emerged due to
competition between groups.
• The functionalist view is generally
accepted by most academic
historians.
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13.9
Wartime
Conferences
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Tehran
• November 28 to December 1, 1943.
• ‘Big-Three’ (Stalin, Churchill and FD
Roosevelt).
• Decide the direction of World War
Two in Europe.
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Issues Discussed at Tehran
• The second front was discussed.
• Entry of the Soviet Union into the war
against Japan.
• The possible creation of an
international organization after the
war.
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Yalta
• February 3, 1945.
• The defeat of Nazi Germany was
imminent.
• Churchill saw a democratic Europe headed
by Britain.
• Stalin wanted an increase in Soviet power
and safeguards against further attacks.
• Roosevelt saw a world democracy headed
by the U.S.
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Decisions at Yalta
• Germany would be divided into zones
of occupation.
• Stalin agreed to “free elections” in
Poland.
• The Soviet frontier would advance
westwards.
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Decisions at Yalta
• The USSR agreed to enter the war
against Japan.
• Trials would be set for leading war
criminals.
• A meeting would be held to establish
the UN.
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Potsdam
• July 16 – August 2, 1945 to decide on
the structure of post-war Europe.
• Truman (United States) and Atlee
(Great Britain).
• All Truman would say at Potsdam
was that America had a weapon of
awesome power.
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The U.S.S.R.
• Stalin wanted security from future
attack by creating a buffer zone of
friendly countries.
• Stalin demanded that Germany make
reparations to help Russia rebuild.
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The United States
• Bargaining power was strengthened by
money and the recently tested atomic
bomb.
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Britain
• England was bankrupt.
• Many colonies claimed
independence.
• British were concerned about a Soviet
presence in Eastern Europe.
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Decisions at Potsdam
• The USSR would begin collecting
reparations from its zone of
occupation.
• The allies agreed to divide Berlin into
four sectors.
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13.10
The United Nations
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The Atlantic Charter
• All countries should have a
democratic government.
• Countries would trade freely with one
another.
• All countries would share in world
prosperity.
• Weaponry would be reduced.
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The Structure of the United
Nations
•
•
•
•
•
The General Assembly.
The Security Council.
The Economic and Social Council.
The International Court of Justice.
The Secretariat.
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Agencies
• World Health Organization (WHO).
• International Labour Organization
(ILO).
• UNESCO.
• International Atomic Energy Authority.
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Other Effects of WWII
• United States and the USSR emerge
as superpowers.
• Decolonization gained momentum.
• Communism spread rapidly.
• United Nations and the European
Economic Community are developed.
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Other Effects of WWII
• Fascism was discredited.
• War was condemned as morally
wrong.
• The introduction of the Nuclear Age.
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