Download RTW:

Monday, December 5th
Pg. 62 RTW: Do you have any questions
about the test?
• Objective: I will be able to ace the test tomorrow.
• Agenda
▫ Study guide (due tomorrow before the test)
• Homework
▫ Study for Unit 5 Test and finish study guide
Tuesday, December 6th
No RTW: Turn in study guides,
bags/phones up front, grab your clicker
• Objective: I will be able to ace the test!
• Agenda
▫ Unit 5 Test
• Homework
▫ None 
Wednesday, December 7th
Pg. 66 RTW: How do our actions on
land affect the coasts?
• Objective: I will be able to explain why marine life is
more abundant in coastal waters as compared to open
ocean.
• Agenda
▫ New GOW (pg. 64) new TOC (pg. 65)
▫ Coastal Ecosystem Notes pg. 67
• Homework
▫ None 
4
Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles
• Energy flow through the food web
affects an ecosystem by determining
how much energy is available for
organisms at higher trophic levels.
• carbon nutrient cycle
▫ is the basis for most of the biomass in all
ecosystems
Ecology and Ecosystems
• nitrogen nutrient cycle
▫ is thought to be more limited in marine
ecosystems than in terrestrial ecosystems
• temperate ecosystems have less overall sunlight,
but receive far more nutrients
▫ For this reason . . .
 the most productive marine ecosystems are
found in cold, temperate regions
>
5
The Continental Shelf
 The neritic zone
 water between the low tide mark and the edge of
the CS
 is a significant marine ecosystem because …
Ecosystems in the Open Sea
 it is the most productive region in the ocean
 continental-shelf depth seldom exceeds 200 meters
(656 feet)
 helps to keep nutrients in the shallow photic zone and …
 helps retain heat from the sun
 nutrients come from river runoff near shore
and rise with currents from deep water
>
6
Ecosystems in the Open Sea
Upwellings an upward vertical current
 plays a significant role in the balance of coastal ocean
ecosystems
 are important to open-ocean ecosystems because they
bring nutrients from deeper water to shallow, more
productive depths
 areas with the highest upwelling activity also have the
highest nutrient levels and therefore highest productivity
 Regions including:
Worldwide upwelling
▪
▪
▪
▪
waters offshore of Peru
the Bering Sea
the Grand Banks in the Atlantic
the deep water surrounding Antarctica
>
7
Coastal Ecosystems
High Productivity Marine Environments
• Coastal ecosystems are highly productive ecosystems for
several reasons:
▫ 1. benefit from nutrient-rich runoff from land
▫ 2. being shallow, the benthic organisms in these ecosystems
live in the upper photic zone, instead of the bottom as in the
open sea
▫ 3. salt-tolerant plants can grow in the well-lit shallows,
providing shelter
▫ 4. these plants act as the foundation for several different types
of ecosystems that cannot exist in the open ocean
• a combination of nutrients, light, and shelter make coastal
ecosystems diverse and rich
>
8
Coastal Ecosystems
High Productivity Marine Environments
 Human activities have wide-ranging potential effects on coastal
ecosystems.
 because people live near water . . .
 means that many of our activities potentially affect coastal
ecosystems
 we can’t always anticipate consequences to the ecosystems
 two examples are agricultural fertilizer and pollutants
 Eutrophication
 an overabundance of nutrients that causes an ecological
imbalance
 it is a stimulus to some species and a detriment to others
 red tides are caused by eutrophication
>
Nutrients, Algae and Fish Kills
• In normal ecosystem low nutrient levels keep
algae in check
• Adding nutrients causes algal blooms
• Algae die and become detritus (decaying matter)
• Detritus is decomposed by microbes, microbe
populations boom.
• Microbes use the oxygen in the water
• Low dissolved oxygen in the water kills fish and
other organisms
• Dead zones appear in the bay where nothing can
live
Fish kill caused by nutrient
build-up, Nanticoke River,
Chesapeake Bay, 1992
10
11
Pg. 66 S.T.A.R
1. What are two reasons that coastal ecosystems
are highly productive ecosystems?
2. Where is the neritic zone located?
3. Why is it sometimes challenging for humans to
prevent damage to the coastal ecosystems?
4. How is the Red Tide linked to eutrophication?
Thursday, December 8th
Pg. 66 RTW: What does upwelling do?
• Objective: I will be able to describe the classification
system of estuaries based off their location.
• Agenda:
▫ Brief estuary notes (pg. 69)
▫ Gather Estuary notes (pg. 68)
• Homework
▫ None 
13
Estuaries =
partially enclosed water bodies where fresh and salt water mix
• estuaries serve as nurseries for more than 75% of the
commercial fish species
• estuaries contribute to the productivity of adjacent
marine ecosystems . . . .
▫ 1. by providing surviving juvenile species with
shelter for them to mature
Coastal Ecosystems
 by increasing the number of individuals
that survive the hazardous larval and
juvenile stages
▫ 2. by providing nutrients to adjacent ecosystems
while trapping sediment and other materials in
runoff from rain and storms
 reduces eutrophication and other runoff damage
>
Plants and Animals of Estuaries
• Estuaries support many marine organisms because
of plenty of light and plenty of nutrients for both
plants and animals.
• The light and nutrients . . . .
▫ support large populations of rooted plants as well as
plankton
▫ plankton in turn provide food for fish
▫ fish can then be eaten by larger animals such as
dolphins
▫ oysters and clams live anchored to rocks and feed on
plankton, cleaning the water and preventing erosion
Threats to Estuaries
• are often used as places to dump waste and or
filled for building sites
• the pollutants that damage estuaries are
sewage, pesticides, fertilizers, and toxic
chemicals
▫ most of these break down over time
• estuaries cannot cope with the amounts of
pollutants produced by dense human
populations
Pg. 66/68 Go Social graphic organizer
1. Highly Stratified or Salt Wedge Estuary
2. Slightly Stratified
3. Vertically Mixed
For each record:
▫
▫
▫
▫
Google= word
Twitter= ≤140 character less description or
definition
Instagram= picture
#= hashtag phrase to help you remember the
definition
Friday, December 9th
Pg. 66 RTW: How do estuaries support
marine organisms?
• Objective: I will be able to describe the abiotic and biotic
factors of the following coastal ecosystems, including:
▫ Mangrove swamps
▫ Salt marshes
▫ Sea grasses
• Agenda
▫ Oyster Facts
▫ Coastal ecosystem research
▫ Graphic Organizer
• Homework
▫ None 
Oysters' affect on water
Oyster Facts
• Typically a single oyster can filter up to 2 gallons
(7.57 litres) of water an hour.
Coastal Ecosystem Project
• You will research the different types of coastal
ecosystems:
▫ Salt water marsh
▫ Mangrove swamps
▫ Sea grasses
• Create a graphic organizer answering the following:
▫
▫
▫
▫
What defines this ecosystem
Environmental conditions
How do organisms have to adapt to life here
Examples of organisms
Coastal Ecosystems
• Three types:
▫ Salt water marsh
▫ Mangrove swamps
▫ Sea grasses
Is it a marsh or a swamp?! (know the
difference)
• Marsh:
 little H2O movement
 lots of decomposers
 dominated by non-woody plants
• Swamp:
 poorly drained land
 reptiles are major predators
 dominated by woody plants
Salt Marsh
Mangrove Swamp
Salt Marshes
Biotic Factors
Abiotic Factors
• Plants:
• these have the highest salinity
of all the ecosystems
• they also absorb pollutants to
help protect inland areas
 grasses, sedges, and other
plants that have adapted to
continual periodic flooding
and are found primarily
throughout the temperate
and subarctic regions
• Animals:
• they support a community of
clams, fish, aquatic birds,
crabs, and shrimp
American Oyster
Catcher
Fiddler Crab
Great Egret
29
Salt Marshes
• salt marshes exist in estuaries and along the coasts
▫ upper marsh
 includes the areas only rarely flooded by the tides
▫ lower marsh
Coastal Ecosystems
 includes areas flooded by salt water and a regular
part of the tidal cycle
 organisms living here
must tolerate significantly
more osmotic stress than
species with niches in the
upper marsh.
>
30
Salt Marshes
• halophytes
▫ plants that have adaptations that allow them to survive in salt water
• lower marsh halophytes
▫ deal with constant osmotic stress and have adaptations to deal with it
 adaptations include:
 pores in the leaves through which it breathes
 concentrates salts in its roots
 salt glands on leaves and stem
Coastal Ecosystems
• upper marsh halophytes
▫ have much reduced osmotic stress
 adaptations include:
 sacrificial leaves
>
Mangroves
• cold-sensitive trees that grow near saline
waters along tropical & subtropical shores
• Daytona/St. Augustine is northern limit for
white mangroves
• three species
▫ red mangrove- closest to water
▫ black mangrove
▫ white mangrove
Mangrove Swamps
• they are tropical or subtropical marine swamps
▫ characterized by the abundance of low to tall
mangrove trees
• the swamps help protect the coastline from
erosion and reduce the damage from storms
• they also provide a home for about 2,000 animal
species
• they have been filled with waste and destroyed in
many parts of the world. (In Florida it is now
illegal to cut/move/destroy mangroves)
33
Coastal Ecosystems
Mangrove Swamps
• all species of mangroves share two
important characteristics that make them
the basis of mangrove ecosystems
1. strong, tangled roots that provide
habitats for juvenile fish and
invertebrates
- this provides a nursery for nearby
marine ecosystems, particularly coral
reefs
2. due to size they hold the soil well,
protecting the habitat and coast from
erosion from storm surges, waves, and
weather
>
34
Coastal Ecosystems
Mangrove Swamps
• red mangroves
▫ grow above the waterline on stilt-like
roots allowing oxygen to get to the roots
• black mangroves
▫ have roots that grow in the sediment
below the waterline
▫ they aerate their roots with snorkel-like
tubes that carry air from above to the
roots
• white mangroves
▫ lack special root adaptations
▫ they are very saltwater tolerant, but thrive
high on the tideline
>
Red Mangrove
• protects
shoreline &
stabilizes
sediment
• propagulelong & pencil
shaped seeds
Red Mangrove
-w/ propagule
(Seed)
Black Mangrove
• least cold
sensitive of all
mangrove
species
• seeds resemble
lima beans
Black Mangrove
White Mangrove
• most cold
sensitive of all
mangrove species
• identified by two
glands on leaf
stem
(Frankenstein’s
•
monster)
• leaf tip is
rounded w/
indention
• Small fruits with
wrinkled texture
(think raisins!)
White Mangrove
43
Seagrasses
marine plants covering extensive shallow underwater
“meadows”
Coastal Ecosystems
• seagrasses differ from other halophytes in several
ways:
▫ they are the only plants, living entirely underwater except
during rare, very low tides
▫ they have no means of extracting fresh water from seawater
▫ they extract oxygen from the seawater and have internal air
canals
▫ they do not need to have a freshwater source because they
have an internal salinity the same as seawater
▫ they reproduce by releasing pollen into the water, much like
land-based plants release pollen into the wind
>
44
Seagrasses
• seagrasses differ from other halophyte-based
ecosystems because:
Coastal Ecosystems
▫ they are edible and provide
food for ecosystem
inhabitants like microbes,
invertebrates, fish, turtles,
manatees, and dugongs
>
45
S.T.A.R
1. What is one major difference between a swamp
and a marsh?
2. What are halophytes?
3. What is a major problem for estuaries?
4. Estuaries serve as a nursery to what % of
commercial species?