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World Musics Western Music is based on a tradition of written notation This includes European Traditions In most non-western cultures, the music is transmitted orally generation to generation 20th Century Influences The invention of the audio recorder aided the spread of non-western music Into the 20th century, travel becomes affordable and safe - music begins to be spread around the world Musical Elements in Non-Western Musics Pitch and Scale systems Western Scales have twelve subdivisions (1/2 steps) Non-western often have a greater or smaller number including smaller intervals of a 1/4 tone (microtones) Pentatonic scale - used in South America, India, Africa, and the Middle East uses only five notes Harmony Western Music: Usually a combination of melody and harmony World Musics use “heterophony” heterophonic texture more than one individual playing the melody - at the same time adding their own personal ornamentation and interpretation Rhythm complex, irregular and free “polyrhythms” two or more contrasting and independent rhythms used at the same time Instruments Ethnomusicologists - people who study world musics classify the instruments used in non-western cultures a huge variety of percussion instruments sparse use of brass and wind instruments Indonesia Southeast Asia - North of Australia “Gamelan” - term for the music ensemble Wide use of metallic percussion instruments like the xylophone Elements for listening: Repeated rhythmic patterns speeding up and slowing down of tempo gradual slow down to the ending Music from China Conceived as a system that would reflect the order of the universe The musician-philosopher the foundation tone (huang chung) social, cosmological, and mystical significance From this tone, the Chine derived 12 further tones - comprable to the 12 months of the year Result was a culture that strove to produce these tones to absolute perfection (Confucius) Ancient Chinese orchestras were huge - many containing 150 players performing on a great variety of different instruments The result was an incredibly dense texture Typically pentatonic Music YouTube listening Example India Divided between two different traditions: Muslim of the North and Hindu of the South Each system uses different instruments and different naming systems Both have the same essential idea: Music must reflect the inherent order and majesty of the universe creates the melodic modes called “ragas” Each Raga - limited to a specific time of day or night A music teacher in India is considered not only a teacher of musical skill, but also a spiritual guide for the student Often a student will bind himself or herself to a gura for ten years or more - learning the elements of music YouTube Music example Within You Without You Africa Music is part of the process of everyday living Almost all communal activities are accompanied by singing, dancing, and drumming Interdependent activities Most African music is made to be heard by the God The sacred word is communicated through drumming and music to humans The naming of a baby, loss of a first tooth, and other incidents in life are accompanied and communicated with music and drumming patterns Ewe Drum Ensembles (Ghana) Great influence on modern composers - specifically Steve Reich Large ensembles for ceremonial occasions Drum section led by a master drummer, percussion sections, singers, dancers, and a master of ceremonies YouTube Listening