Download Diabetes – Quiz 7 KNH 411 Glyco – sugar Keto – ketone group

Diabetes – Quiz 7
KNH 411
Glyco – sugar
Keto – ketone group
Nocto – night
Phago – eating, ingestion
Uro – urine
Islets of Langerhans – cell types that are sources for insulin, glucagon, gastrin, etc.
Pancreas – secretes pancreatic juices to intestines; internal secretions of insulin and glucagaon
Alkalosis – decrease in hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood below normal levels
Diabetes mellitus - a chronic metabolic disorder in which the use of carbohydrate is impaired and
that of lipid and protein is enhanced. It is caused by an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin
and is characterized, in more severe cases, by chronic hyperglycemia, glycosuria, water and
electrolyte loss, ketoacidosis, and coma
Fasting blood sugar or glucose (FBS, FBG) - Blood glucose levels taken after not eating or
drinking anything other than water overnight. A normal level is under 110, over 110 shows
impaired glucose tolerance or insulin resistance, and over 126 is diabetic. Its ratio in comparison
to fasting insulin can also indicate insulin resistance
Gestational DM - carbohydrate intolerance of variable severity with onset or first recognition
during pregnancy
Glycosylated hemoglobin - any one of four hemoglobin A fractions (AIa1, AIa2, AIb, or AIc) to
which d-glucose and related monosaccharides are covalently linked; concentrations are increased
in the erythrocytes of patients with diabetes mellitus, which can be used as a retrospective index
of glucose control over time in such patients.
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) - pre-diabetic state of dysglycemia, that is associated with
insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular pathology
Type 1 DM - a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by a total lack of
insulin. Occurs when the body's immune system attacks the insulin-producing beta cells in the
pancreas and destroys them. The pancreas then produces little or no insulin. Type 1 diabetes
develops most often in young people but can appear in adults.
Insulin resistance - diminished effectiveness of insulin in lowering plasma glucose levels,
arbitrarily defined as a daily requirement of at least 200 units of insulin to prevent hyperglycemia
or ketosis; usually due to binding of insulin or insulin receptor sites by antibodies; associated
with obesity, ketoacidosis, and infection.
Ketosis - a condition characterized by the enhanced production of ketone bodies, as in diabetes
mellitus or starvation.
Type 2 DM - a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by either a lack of
insulin or the body's inability to use insulin efficiently. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in
middle-aged and older adults but can appear in young people.
Glycosuria - urinary excretion of carbohydrates
Hyperglycemia - an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the circulating blood, seen
especially in patients with diabetes mellitus
Hyperinsulinism - Increased levels of insulin in the plasma due to increased secretion of insulin
by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets; decreased hepatic removal of insulin is a cause in some
patients, although hyperinsulinism usually is associated with insulin resistance and is commonly
found in obesity in association with varying degrees of hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia - Symptoms resulting from low blood glucose (normal glucose range 60–100
mg/dL [3.3–5.6 mmol/L]), which are either autonomic or neuroglycopenic. Autonomic
symptoms include sweating, trembling, feelings of warmth, anxiety, and nausea.
Neuroglycopenic symptoms include feelings of dizziness, confusion, tiredness, difficulty
speaking, headache, and inability to concentrate.
Ketoacidosis - a type of metabolic acidosis associated with high concentrations of ketone bodies,
formed by the breakdown of fatty acids and the deamination of amino acids
Ketonuria - Enhanced urinary excretion of ketone bodies
Nocturia - Purposeful urination at night, after waking from sleep; typically caused by nocturnal
urine volume in excess of bladder capacity or incomplete emptying of the bladder because of
lower urinary tract obstruction or detrusor instability.
Polydypsia – excessive thirst
Polyphagia – excessive eating; excessive appetite for food
Polyuria – excessive urination in large volumes
Reactive hypoglycemia or postprandial syndrome - recurrent episodes of symptomatic
hypoglycemia occurring 2–4 hours after a high carbohydrate meal (or oral glucose load)
Atrophy - A wasting of tissues, organs, or the entire body, as from death and reabsorption of
cells, diminished cellular proliferation, decreased cellular volume, pressure, ischemia,
malnutrition, lessened function, or hormonal changes
Cataract - Complete or partial opacity of the ocular lens
Diabetic coma - coma that develops in severe and inadequately treated cases of diabetes mellitus
and is commonly fatal, unless appropriate therapy is instituted promptly; results from reduced
oxidative metabolism of the central nervous system that, in turn, stems from severe ketoacidosis
and possibly also from the histotoxic action of the ketone bodies and disturbances in water and
electrolyte balance.
Gangrene - Necrosis due to obstruction, loss, or diminution of blood supply
Gastroparesis - Weakness of gastric peristalsis, which results in delayed emptying of the bowels.
Glaucoma - A disease of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure, excavation, and
atrophy of the optic nerve; produces defects in the field of vision and eventual blindness.
Insulin shock - severe hypoglycemia produced by administration of insulin, manifested by
sweating, tremor, anxiety, vertigo, and diplopia, followed by delirium, convulsions, and collapse.
Lipodystrophy - Defective metabolism of fat
Macrovascular disease - a disease of any large (macro) blood vessels in the body. It is a disease
of the large blood vessels, including the coronary arteries, the aorta, and the sizable arteries in
the brain and in the limbs.
Microvascular disease - disease of the smallest blood vessels, such as those found in the eyes,
nerves, and kidneys. The walls of the vessels become abnormally thick but weak. Then they
bleed, leak protein, and slow the flow of blood to the cells.
Nephropathy – any disease of the kidney
Neuropathy - A classic term for any disorder affecting any segment of the nervous system
Osteopenia - Decreased calcification or density of bone; a descriptive term applicable to all
skeletal systems in which such a condition is noted; carries no implication about causality.
Retinopathy - noninflammatory degenerative disease of the retina
Endocrinology - The science and medical specialty concerned with the internal or hormonal
secretions and their physiologic and pathologic relations
Glucagon - A hormone consisting of a straight-chain polypeptide of 29 amino acyl residues,
extracted from pancreatic alpha cells. Parenteral administration of 0.5–1 mg results in prompt
mobilization of hepatic glycogen, thus elevating blood glucose concentration. It activates hepatic
phosphorylase, thereby increasing glycogenolysis, decreases gastric motility and gastric and
pancreatic secretions, and increases urinary excretion of nitrogen and potassium; it has no effect
on muscle phosphorylase. As the hydrochloride, it is used in the treatment of type I glycogenosis
(von Gierke disease) and hypoglycemia, particularly hypoglycemic coma due to exogenously
administered insulin.
Gluconeogenesis - The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrates, such as protein or fat
Glycogenolysis - The hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose
Glucose tolerance factor - a compound containing chromium that helps in blood sugar regulation
Ketone bodies - Any of three related compounds (acetone, acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric
acid) produced during the metabolism of fats
Oral hypoglycemic agents - Anti-diabetic drugs treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose
levels in the blood; administered orally
Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) - A means of testing levels of blood glucose via a
fingerstick blood sample and a blood glucose testing meter to determine the glucose result.