Download What Is Breast Cancer? Cancer is caused by malignant (cancerous

What Is Breast Cancer?
Cancer is caused by malignant (cancerous) cells that grow and multiply without control. Cancer
that begins in any part of the breast is called breast cancer.
In breast cancer, the malignant cells can develop in the lobules or glands that make breast milk;
this is known as lobular carcinoma. Or, the cancer cells can start in the ducts or tubes that carry
the milk to the nipple; this is known as ductal carcinoma.
According to American Cancer Society estimates for 2014:
• Breast cancer is the second-most common form of cancer in American women
• About 12 percent of American women will develop invasive breast cancer
• More than 230,000 American women are diagnosed with invasive breast cancer each year
• About 40,000 American women die from breast cancer each year
Breast cancer types include:
• Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
• Invasive ductal carcinoma
• Invasive lobular carcinoma
• Inflammatory breast cancer
• Paget disease of the nipple
• Angiosarcoma
• Phyllodes tumor
The National Cancer Institute has more information on these breast cancer types.
Breast Cancer Symptoms
Signs of breast cancer may be similar to symptoms associated with other medical conditions.
Please consult your doctor if you notice any of the following:
• A lump or swelling in or near the breast, including under the arm
• Change in the size or shape of the breast
• Thickening of breast tissue
• Nipple inversion (in which the nipple is pulled inward)
• Nipple discharge, particularly if bloody
• Breast pain or tenderness
• Puckering or dimpling of the breast skin
• Scaliness or redness of the breast skin or nipple
Screening for Breast Cancer
Screening for cancer means testing for something abnormal before it makes you sick. This
allows cancer to be found earlier. The earlier a cancer is found, the smaller—and more
treatable—it is likely to be.
The two most common ways to screen for breast cancer are:
©Mass General Cancer Center, 2015
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Breast exam: A doctor examines your breasts—as well as lymph nodes in your
armpits—for lumps or thickening of breast tissue. All women should also perform a
breast self-exam once a month
Screening mammogram: A set of breast X-rays is created to detect an abnormality
Diagnosing Breast Cancer
Diagnostic tests and procedures for breast cancer include:
• Diagnostic mammogram: This test may be ordered to evaluate an abnormality in greater
detail
• Ultrasound: High-frequency sound waves are used to create images of the breast and
locate lumps in the tissue
• Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A powerful magnetic field and computer
assistance are used to produce detailed pictures of the breast and regional lymph nodes
• Biopsy: A surgeon removes a sample of breast tissue, which a pathologist then checks for
cancer
Staging Breast Cancer
Following a diagnosis of breast cancer, further tests are done to determine the location or density
of cancer cells. This process, known as staging, helps your doctor choose the best treatment for
you.
Stages of breast cancer range from Stage I (early-stage cancer) to Stage IV (cancer is advanced
and has spread to other parts of the body, or metastatic breast cancer). Tests and procedures
include:
• Mammogram
• Breast MRI
• Blood tests (e.g. blood count)
• Computed tomography (CT) scan: Special X-ray equipment is used to produce
multiple images of the inside of the body and a computer to join them together in crosssectional views of the area being studied
• Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging: An image of your body's metabolic
activity is created, showing the rate at which your body's cells break down and use sugar
• Bone scan: Your entire skeleton is scanned for spots in the bones that might be abnormal
Breast Cancer Treatment
Your care team will work with you to develop a treatment plan. This individualized plan will
depend on many factors, such as the type and stage of breast cancer, your general health, and
your treatment preferences.
Treatment may involve one or more of these options:
• Surgery includes conventional and minimally invasive approaches to removing part of
the breast (e.g. a lumpectomy) or the entire breast (a mastectomy). If you have a
mastectomy, you may also choose to have breast reconstruction surgery
• Radiation therapy, which may follow surgery, uses high-energy radiation beams to
shrink or destroy tumors while sparing healthy tissue
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Chemotherapy, which may be employed before or after surgery, kills cancer cells
through the use of intravenous or oral drugs
Hormone therapy, which may follow surgery, is sometimes effective in treating breast
cancers that are sensitive to hormones
Targeted therapy refers to a new generation of cancer drugs that target and interfere
with the activity of specific proteins that drive tumor growth and spread
©Mass General Cancer Center, 2015