Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
EXPANSION AND EMPIRE 1890-1908 THE ROOTS OF EXPANSION • A dramatic change • In 1890 the United States still played a minor role in the game of global power politics. With the exception of its Revolutionary War alliance with France, America carefully followed Washington’s admonition (earnest warning) to avoid entangling foreign alliances. For most of the nineteenth century America had been a continental republic focused on settling the western frontier and building democratic institutions. • In less than a decade America became an imperial republic with interests in the Caribbean, Latin America, and the Pacific. The speed of this change astonished President McKinley. The proud but perhaps a bit perplexed President correctly noted that “in a few short months we have become a world power.” THE ROOTS OF EXPANSION • The quest for new markets and raw materials • The total value of goods and services produced by America’s farms and factories quadrupled between 1870 and 1900. This burst of productivity transformed America into the world’s foremost industrial power. • As an ever growing stream of sewing machines, reapers, textiles, and household goods poured out of the nation’s factories, business leaders worried that they were producing more products than Americans could buy. Many corporate executives looked to Latin America, Asia, and the Pacific for new markets and new sources of raw materials. • The deep depression from 1893 to 1897 exerted a powerful influence on American political leaders. Fearing renewed labor unrest, they linked economic growth and social stability to their quest for foreign markets and raw materials. THE ROOTS OF EXPANSION • Alfred Mahan and new strategic thinking • In 1890 Captain Alfred T. Mahan published The Influence of Sea Power upon History. Mahan argued that sea power is the key to commercial prosperity and national greatness. He forcefully argued that the United States must no longer view the Atlantic and Pacific as protective barriers. Instead, these oceans were best understood as commercial highways that could only be controlled by a powerful navy. • Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge, and other influential leaders championed Mahan’s recommendations. As a result, his views on sea power soon became the cornerstone of American strategic thinking. THE ROOTS OF EXPANSION • The ideology of expansion • Social Darwinists believed that Darwin’s theory of the survival of the fittest could be applied to the rise and fall of nations. During the late nineteenth century strong European powers led by England, France, and Germany began to dominate weak nations in Africa and Asia. Proponents of expansion warned that the United States had to play a more aggressive role in world affairs. If the U.S. failed to accept this challenge, it risked falling behind its rivals in the global race for markets and natural resources. • Americans also believed in the inherent superiority of their political and economic systems. During most of the nineteenth century, America fulfilled its manifest destiny by spreading its civilization from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Now America had a responsibility to bring the benefits of its civilization to less advanced people in Latin America and Asia. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • What happened? • Congress declared war on Spain on April 25, 1898. The “splendid little war” lasted just 114 days. • The United States suffered minimal casualties as it quickly defeated the Spanish forces in the Philippines and Cuba. • The war produced two military heroes. Commodore Dewey led the U.S. Navy’s mighty Asiatic Squadron to a decisive victory over the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Manila Bay. Grateful consumers nicknamed a chewing gum “Dewey’s Chewies” to honor their hero. Lieutenant-Colonel Theodore Roosevelt led a volunteer regiment called the “Rough Riders” in a dramatic charge up San Juan Hill. Grateful voters in New York promptly elected TR governor of their state. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • What caused the Spanish-American War? • Cuban rebels waged a guerilla war against Spanish rule. The Spanish commander Valeriano Weyler herded Cubans into detention centers in a brutal attempt to suppress the rebellion. • William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World were locked in a furious circulation war for readers. Both papers published daily stories about the atrocities committed by “Butcher” Weyler. These sensational and often lurid (deliberately shocking) stories sparked widespread public indignation against Spain. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • What caused the Spanish-American War? • The 7,000-ton U.S.S. Maine, the navy’s newest battleship, arrived in Havana Harbor on January 25, 1898 on what was called a visit of “friendly courtesy.” Three weeks later a deafening explosion tore through the vessel sinking the ship and killing over 260 sailors. Although the cause of the blast was never fully determined the press and most Americans blamed the Spanish. A New York Journal headline screamed “Whole Country Thrills with War Fever.” THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • What caused the Spanish-American War? • Popular passion against Spain now became a major factor in the march to war. President McKinley faced mounting pressure from an outraged public and from belligerent (warlike) leaders of his own party such as Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge. Faced with the imminent prospect of war, the Spanish yielded to almost every American demand. Like John Adams in the Quasi-War with France, McKinley could have defied public opinion and avoided war. However, McKinley decided that the political risk of ignoring an aroused public was too high. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • Why should you remember the Spanish-American War? • The war marked the end of Spain’s once powerful New World empire. • The war marked the emergence of the United States as a world power. • The Treaty of Paris ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States. Spain recognized Cuban independence and agreed to cede the Philippine Islands to the United States for $20 million. • The war gave McKinley a pretext (excuse) to annex Hawaii in July 1898. AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES AND CUBA • The debate over the Philippines • The provision in the Treaty of Paris ceding the Philippines to the United States aroused a powerful anti-imperialist movement to block ratification of the treaty. The Anti-Imperialist League pointed out the inconsistency of liberating Cuba and annexing the Philippines. They also insisted that annexation would violate America’s long-standing commitment to human freedom and rule by the “consent of the governed.” • Expansionists countered by arguing that the Philippines would provide a strategic base from which the United States could trade with China. While acknowledging that the Philippines offered lucrative commercial opportunities, President McKinley stressed America’s duty “to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them.” Although McKinley’s argument ignored the fact that most Filipinos were already Christians, his views prevailed. After a heated debate, the Senate approved the Treaty of Paris with just one vote to spare. AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES AND CUBA • The Philippine Insurrection • Most Americans were unaware that Filipino patriots had been fighting a war for independence since 1896. Filipinos hoped the United States would assist them in expelling the Spaniards and establishing an independent Philippine state. • Despite strong evidence that Filipinos wanted independence, the McKinley administration decided that they were not ready for self-government. Led by Emilio Aguinaldo, the Filipinos resisted American control of their country. • The Philippine Insurrection, called the War of Independence by Filipinos, foreshadowed the guerrilla wars fought in the twentieth century. As the scale of fighting rose, both sides committed atrocities. Mark Twain bitterly noted that, “We have pacified some thousands of the islanders and buried them; destroyed their fields; burned their villages, and turned their widows and orphans out-of-doors.” After three years of fighting, America’s overwhelming military power finally crushed the rebels. AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES AND CUBA • The Philippine Insurrection • The Philippine Insurrection cost the lives of more than 4,000 American soldiers and between 16,000 and 20,000 Filipino rebels. Disease and starvation may have claimed the lives of as many as 200,000 civilians. • In 1916 Congress passed the Jones Act formally committing the United States to eventually granting the Philippines independence. The Filipinos finally gained their full independence on July 4, 1946. AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES AND CUBA • Cuba and the Platt Amendment • Congress attached the Teller Amendment to its resolution declaring war on Spain. The Teller Amendment guaranteed American respect for Cuba’s sovereignty as an independent nation. • The United States surprised many skeptics by keeping its promise not to annex Cuba. However, in 1901 Congress made the withdrawal of U.S. troops contingent upon Cuba’s acceptance of the Platt Amendment. This amendment prohibited Cuba from making any foreign treaties that might “impair” its independence or involve it in a public debt that it could not pay. The amendment also gave the United States the right to maintain a naval station at Guantanamo Bay on the southeast corner of Cuba. The Platt Amendment was incorporated into the Cuban constitution and provided the grounds for American intervention four times in the early 1900s. THE OPEN DOOR POLICY • Many American business leaders blamed industrial overproduction for the economic slump and social unrest during the 1890s. They looked to China’s “illimitable markets” to spur American economic growth. America’s victory in the Spanish-American War gave it possession of strategic coaling stations in Wake, Guam, and the Philippines. As a result, American commercial ships could now reach the fabled Chinese market. • Great Britain dominated trade with China for most of the nineteenth century. However, during the 1880s and 1890s Germany, France, Russia, and Japan all began carving out their own spheres of influence in an ever-weakening China. Each foreign power controlled trade, tariffs, harbor duties, and railroad charges within its own sphere of influence. THE OPEN DOOR POLICY • Secretary of State John Hay became increasingly worried that the European powers and Japan would restrict American trading opportunities in China. On September 6, 1899 he dispatched a series of notes to Great Britain, Germany, Russia, France, Italy, and Japan asking the governments of these six nations to agree to respect the rights and privileges of other nations within its sphere of influence. In short, no nation would discriminate against other nations. • Hay’s Open Door policy was designed to protect American commercial interests in China. The European powers and Japan neither accepted nor rejected Hay’s Open Door Notes. Although America’s Open Door policy had no legal standing, Hays boldly announced that all of the powers had agreed, and their consent was therefore “final and definitive.” BIG STICK DIPLOMACY • “Speak softly and carry a big stick” • Theodore Roosevelt was keenly aware that America’s victory in the Spanish-American War gave it a new role in world affairs. In his Inaugural Address, TR proudly reminded Americans of their new responsibilities: “We have become a great nation, forced by the fact of its greatness into relations with the other nations of the earth, and we must behave as beseems a people with such responsibilities.” • Roosevelt believed that “civilized and orderly” nations such as the United States and Great Britain had a duty to police the world and maintain order. To do that, he said that the United States should, in the words of a West African proverb, “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” BIG STICK DIPLOMACY • The Panama Canal • Roosevelt and other expansionists focused on the pressing need to build a canal through Central America. The much-publicized voyage of the battleship Oregon dramatically illustrated the need for a canal. When the Maine blew up, seventy-one days passed before the Oregon could reach Cuba because it had to sail from San Francisco around the tip of South America. Expansionists persuasively argued that the Oregon’s 12,000 mile voyage would have been 8,000 miles shorter had there been a canal across Central America. • After much debate Congress approved a canal through the Isthmus of Panama. At that time Panama was a province of Columbia. The United States offered to pay Columbia ten million dollars for the right to dig a canal across the isthmus. But the Columbian Senate refused to ratify the treat and held out for more money. Encouraged and supported by Roosevelt, Panama revolted against Columbia and declared itself an independent nation. Roosevelt promptly recognized Panama. He signed a treaty with the new nation which guaranteed its independence and also gave the United States a lease on a ten-mile-wide canal zone. • Construction of the Panama Canal began in 1904. A workforce of about 30,000 laborers completed the 51-mile-long “Big Ditch” in just ten years. When it opened in 1914, the Panama Canal gave the United States a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere. BIG STICK DIPLOMACY • The Roosevelt Corollary • The construction of the Panama Canal made the security of the Caribbean a vital American interest. Roosevelt became concerned when the Dominican Republic borrowed more money from its European creditors than it could pay back. Roosevelt worried that financial instability in the Dominican Republic would lead to European intervention. • Roosevelt responded to the crisis in the Dominican Republic by proclaiming the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine stated America’s opposition to European intervention in Latin America. Roosevelt updated the Monroe Doctrine by declaring that “flagrant cases of wrongdoing” in Central America and the Caribbean “may force the United States to exercise an international police power.” The Roosevelt Corollary, like the Monroe Doctrine, was a unilateral declaration motivated by American national interest. It changed the Monroe Doctrine from a statement against the intervention of European powers in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere to a justification of the unrestricted American right to regulate Caribbean affairs. • Roosevelt backed up his words with prompt action. Citing the Roosevelt Corollary, American personnel supervised the Dominican customs office to assure the payment of debts to European creditors. WRITING, WRITING, AND MORE WRITING!!!! • • Outline Requirements: • Must turn in each outline until you receive a check mark from your tutors. • If you receive your outline back without a check mark, you must edit it and resubmit it. Write on a new piece of paper for each submission, stapling your earlier submission(s) behind it. • After 5 check marks, you are no longer required to write the outlines. • BUT—for each additional outline you do over 5, you will receive 1 point on your FRE final grade for your 4th comp (maximum of 10 points). For example, if you receive a 74 for your FRE grade, your grade becomes an 84 if all 15 outlines have been checked off. • Failure to complete (meaning check marks!!) 5 outlines before the 3 rd comp will result in a 5 point deduction for each missing outline. Points will be deducted from your FRE comp grade. So…the 74 becomes a 69 if you’re missing one, a 64 if you’re missing two, etc. Outline #1 Prompt: • The Spanish-American War changed the status of the United States in the world. Assess the validity of this statement. • Here’s how to set your paper up each time: Outline #____ Prompt Thesis Topic of Body Paragraph I a. evidence b. evidence c. evidence d. connection to thesis Topic of Body Paragraph II a. evidence b. evidence c. evidence d. connection to thesis Repeat as necessary Conclusion Name Class