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Download Destiny Johnson Assignment #1 Professor Gallo 15 September
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Destiny Johnson Assignment #1 Professor Gallo 15 September 2013 Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Bordetella pertussis is an aerobic, non-spore forming, gram-negative coccobacillus (Shumilla et. al., 2004). It has no known reservoir other than humans and is thought to be unable to survive in the environment for prolonged periods of time (Merkel, 1998). The Bordetella genus of the Alcaligenaceae family is included in seven different species: four of which can cause respiratory tract infections in different host organisms (Babu et al., 2001). Bordetella parapertussis is the most closely related to the Bordetella pertussis. It can cause a milder pertussis-like disease in humans, but Bordetella pertussis is the most serious human pathogen in this genus (Babu el al., 2001). Bordetella pertussis invades its human host through entry into the respiratory tract where it colonizes to whooping cough, also known as pertussis. Pertussis is very contagious with an 80% secondary attack rate (CDC, 2005). The transmission of pertussis occurs via respiratory droplets. However, direct contact with respiratory secretions from infected individuals may lead to the disease (CDC, 2005). Additionally, freshly contaminated articles, such as clothing, from an infected person can contain infectious respiratory secretions. Pertussis is on the rise in adolescent and adult populations. Parents are a common source of Bordetella pertussis infections for infants while other family members, such as aunts and uncles, provide another potential source of infection (Forsyth et al., 2004). The outbreaks of whooping cough were first described in the sixteenth century. It has been marked as a major cause of childhood fatality prior to vaccination. It was first described in 1578 as an epidemic of pediatric respiratory disease that began in Paris and spread throughout Europe (Steele, 2004). It is unclear if this is the first emergence of the disease or if it is simply the first time a careful recording of clinical reservations related to Bordetella pertussis was made (Steele, 2004). In the pre-vaccination era, nearly every child contracted the disease and pertussis was a major cause of infant death throughout the world. Between the years 1940-1945 more than one million cases of pertussis was reported in the U.S, averaging about 175,000 cases a year (CDC, 2005). Although pertussis has declined dramatically since the pre-vaccination period, a lot of work must still be done before the disease is controlled. A more successful vaccine needs to be developed that has a lower risk of side effects and has fewer administrations needed for protective immunity to develop. People believe that pertussis is no longer a problem, but without better control techniques, the rates with continue to increase and more people will be affected each year. Works Cited Babu, MM., Bhargavi, J., Singh Saund, R., Singh, S.K. Virulence Factors in Bordetella pertussis. Current Science. June 2001; 80(12): 1512-1522. Forsyth, K.D., Campins-Marti, M., Caro, J., Cherry, J.D., Greenberg, D., Guiso, N., Heininger, U., Schellenkens, J., Tan, T., von Konig, C., Plotkin, S. New Pertussis Vaccination Strategies beyond Infancy: Recommendations by the Global Pertussis Initiative. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Dec 2004: 39: 1802-1809. Merkel, T.J., Stibitz, S., Keith, J.M., Leef, M., Shahin, R. Contribution of Regulation by the bvg Locus to Respiratory Infection of Mice by Bordetella pertussis. Infection and Immunity. Sept 1998; 66(9): 4367-4373. Shumilla, J.A., Lacaille, V., Hornell, M.C., Haung, J., Narasimhan, S., Relman, D.A., Mellins, E.D. Bordetella Pertussis Infection of Primary Human Monocytes Alters HLA-DR Expression. Infection and Immunity. Mar 2004; 72(3): 14501462. Steele, RW. Pertussis: 33(8): 525-534. Is Eradication Achievable? Pediatric Annals. Aug 2004;