Download AC Power Quality and Standards

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Introduction to Global AC Power
50 Hz, 220-240 V
50 Hz, 220-240 V
60 Hz, 120 V
50/60 Hz, 100V
50 Hz, 220-240 V
60 Hz, 110/220 V
60 Hz, 110/220 V
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Global Power Input Requirements
Know the Market your product is Intended to Serve !
• Min Voltage Variation = Nominal +10%/-15%
• Min Global Voltage Range: 85 – 264 VAC
Note: Many products relax to 100 – 240VAC
• Min Frequency Variation = Nominal +/- 3 Hz
• Min Global Frequency Range: 47-53Hz, 57-63 Hz
Note: Many products use 47-63 Hz
• Plug versions to cover Types A-M
For complete global listing see World Wide Electricity Reference document
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COUNTRY
VOLTAGE
FREQUENCY
PLUG
COMMENTS
Afghanistan
220V
50 Hz
C&F*
Albania
220V*
50 Hz
C&F
*Voltage variations common
Algeria
230V
50 Hz
C* & F
*A variation of Type C with a ground post offset about 1/2-inch from center may also be
found.
American Samoa
120V
60 Hz
A, B, F & I
Angola
220V
50 Hz
C
Anguilla
110V
60Hz
A (maybe B)
Antigua
230V*
60 Hz
A&B
*Airport area is reportedly Antigua power is 110V.
Argentina
220V
50 Hz
C & I*
*Neutral and line wires are reversed from that used in Australia and elsewhere. Click here for
more.
Armenia
220V
50 Hz
C&F
Aruba
127V*
60 Hz
A, B & F
Australia
230V*
50 Hz
I
Austria
230V
50 Hz
C, F
Azores
220V*
50 Hz
B, C, & F
* A UN correspondent reports C and F common in Kabul, but its likely a variety of plugs may
be used around the country. Some sources report Type D also in use.
*Lago Colony 115V
*Outlets typically controlled by adjacent switch.
Though nominal voltage has been officially changed to 230V, 240V is within tolerances and
commonly found.
*Ponta Delgada 110V; to be converted to 220V
For complete global listing see World Wide Electricity Reference document
318-595
AC Power Quality – Standards
Types A & B
No Standardization,
Many Types
Many countries have multiple plug/receptacle types in service
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AC Power Quality – Standards
A typical voltage sag
Voltage sags are by far the most common power disturbance
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ANSI - American National Standards Institute
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Organizations that
create power
standards
IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission
NEMA - National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NFPA - National Fire Protection Association
NEC - National Electric Code
US Military
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• IEEE 1433: Power Quality Definitions
IEEE Power
• IEEE 519: Harmonic Control in Electrical Power
Systems
Quality
• IEEE 1159 :Monitoring Electric Power Quality
Standards
• IEEE P1564: Voltage Sag Indices (Prelim)
• IEEE P1453: Voltage flicker (Prelim)
• IEEE P446: Emergency and standby power
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• IEC SC77A: Low frequency EMC Phenomena
• SC 77A/WG 1: Harmonics and other low-frequency
disturbances
• SC 77A/WG 6: Low frequency immunity tests
IEC Power
Quality
Standards
• SC 77A/WG 2: Voltage fluctuations and other lowfrequency disturbances
• SC 77A/WG 8: Electromagnetic interference related
to the network frequency
• SC 77A/WG 9: Power Quality measurement
methods
• SC 77A/PT 61000-3-1: Electromagnetic
Compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-1: Limits - Overview of
emission standards and guides.
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• MIL-STD-1399:
"Interface Standard for Shipboard Systems" covers the design
and testing of electric power systems and user equipment. It applies only to shipboard power. The standard
is fairly complete, covering Type I, II, and III shipboard power. It provides specifications on sags,
interruptions, impulses, unbalance, and harmonics.
Last revision: Notice 1, 11 Mar 1992.
• MIL-STD-704E:
"INTERFACE STANDARD: AIRCRAFT ELECTRIC POWER
CHARACTERISTICS"
Military Power
Quality Stds
specifications for aircraft power quality, including DC, single-phase,
and three-phase systems. It provides specifications on sags, interruptions, impulses, unbalance, and
harmonics.
Last revision: 1 May 1991.
• MIL-M-24116B(SH):
"Monitors, Voltage and Frequency, 400 Hz Electric
Power" covers trip levels and durations of voltage and frequency monitors. It applies only to
shipboard installations.
Last revision: Amendment 1, 29 October 1985
.
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• ANSI C62: Guides and standards on surge protection
ANSI Related
• ANSI C84.1: Voltage ratings for equipment & power
systems
Standards
• ANSI C57.110: Transformer derating for supplying nonlinear loads
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Table of AWGs and approximate corresponding size and current capacity (ampacity)
solid wires. Stranded wires are calculated by calculating the
equivalent cross-sectional area.
The following applies to
AWG
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Diameter
Diameter
(mm)
(in)
7.348
6.543
5.827
5.189
4.621
4.115
3.665
3.264
2.906
2.588
2.304
2.052
1.829
1.628
1.450
1.291
0.2893
0.2576
0.2294
0.2043
0.1819
0.1620
0.1443
0.1285
0.1144
0.1019
0.0907
0.0808
0.0720
0.0641
0.0571
0.0508
NEC
Ampacity with
60°C insulation
110
95
85
70
55
40
30
20
15
12
Wire must be treated as
any Resistor in terms
of voltage drop, power
dissipation and thermal
rise
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Applicable Safety Devices
• Switches
• Thermal 1-Time Metalic Fuses
• PTC Auto-Resettable Fuses
• PTC Inrush Current Limiters
• Thermal and Magnetic Circuit Breakers
• EMC Line Filters
• Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters
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AC Power Efficiency – Standards