Download Parts of Speech

Parts of
Speech
NOUN
• Person, place, thing, idea
• Common (n): names a general noun; begins
with a lower case letter (i.e. city)
• Proper noun (N): names a specific noun;
begins with a capital letter (i.e. Alabaster)
• Possessive (pos. n., pos. N): shows ownership
(i.e. girl’s, Luci’s)
PRONOUN (pro)
• Takes the place of a noun
– Personal pronouns:
Singular
Plural
Singular
nominative nominative objective
(nom)
(nom)
(obj)
Plural
objective
(obj)
Singular
possessive
(pos)
Plural
possessive
(pos)
1st person
I
we
me
us
my/mine
our/ours
2nd person
you
you
you
you
your/yours
your/yours
3rd person
he/she/it
they
him/her/it
them
his/her/its
their/theirs
VERB
•Shows action or
helps to make a
statement
ACTION VERB (av)
– Shows action (i.e. She wrote a note. The dog
smells the flower.)
LINKING VERB (lv)
– Links two words together
– Ex. of verbs that can be linking verbs: to be (am,
are, is, was, were, be, being, been), appear,
become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell,
sound, stay, taste, etc.
– I.e. The flower smells pretty. (flower=pretty)
HELPING VERB (hv)
– “helps” an action verb or linking verb
– If a verb phrase has four verbs, the first three are
helping. If it has three verbs, the first two are helping,
etc.
– Ex. of verbs that can be helping verbs: is, be, am, are,
was, were, been, being, will, would, can, could, shall,
should, may, might, must, have, has, had, do, does,
did
– i.e. We have been taking notes all day. (Taking is an
action verb.)
– i.e. She will be cold without a jacket. (Be is a linking
verb.)
ADJECTIVE (adj)
• Modifies nouns and pronouns (i.e. I have a
green pen. They are happy.)
• Answers the questions “Which one?” “How
many?” or “What kind?”
• ARTICLES (art): a, an, the
• PROPER ADJECTIVE (Adj): proper noun used as
an adjective (American flag)
ADVERB (adv)
• Modifies adjectives (i.e. really cute), verbs
(extremely fast), and other adverbs (very
easily)
• Answers the question “How?”, “When?”,
“Where?”, or “To what extent?”
• NOT and NEVER are always adverbs
PRONOUN (pro)-cont.
• RELATIVE (rp): starts adjective (adj) dependent clauses
(that, which, who, whom, whose)
• INTERROGATIVE (int): asks a question (Which?,
Whose?, What?, Whom?, Who?)
• DEMONSTRATIVE (dem): demonstrates which one (this,
that, these, those)
• INDEFINITE (ind): doesn’t refer to a definite person or
thing (each, either, neither, few, some, all, most,
several, few, many, none, one, someone, no one,
everyone, anyone, somebody, nobody, everybody,
anybody, more, much, another, both, any , other, etc.)
PRONOUNS (pro)-reflexive (ref)
• Reflects back to “self”
Singular
Plural
1st person
myself
ourselves
2nd person
yourself
yourselves
3rd person
himself
herself
itself
themselves
PREPOSITION (prep)
• Shows relationship between a noun or
pronoun and some other word in the sentence
• i.e. We went to school. We went up the stairs.
• Common prepositions include: across, after,
against, around, at, before, below, between,
by, during, except, for, from, in, of, off, on,
over, since, through, to, under, until, with,
according to, because of, instead of, etc.
CONJUNCTION
• Joins words, phrases, and clauses
• COORDINATING CONJUNCTION (cc): acronym
FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)
• SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION (sc):
– Starts adverb (adv) dependent clauses (and therefore
must be followed by subject and verb)
– Ex: after, since, before, while, because, although, so
that, if, when, whenever, as, even though, until,
unless, as if, etc.
• CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION (cor conj):
– Ex: not only/but also, neither/nor, either/or, both/and
INTERJECTION (int)
• Expresses emotion but has no real connection
with the rest of the sentence
• Set apart from the sentence by a comma or an
exclamation point
• i.e. No, I’m not finished with my homework.
Wow! What a great new car!
VERB TENSES
Present tense
Past tense
Future tense
happening now (pres) happened previously
“I jump.”
(past)
“I jumped.”
will happen in the
future (f)
“I will jump.”
PERFECT
“have” or “has” plus
past participle (pres
per)
“I have jumped.”
“had” plus past
participle (past per)
“I had jumped.”
“will have” or “shall
have” plus past
participle (f per)
“I will have jumped.”
PROGRESSIVE
“is”, “are”, or “am”
plus present participle
(pres prog)
“I am jumping.”
“was” or “were” plus
present participle
(past prog)
“I was jumping.”
“will be” or “shall be”
plus present participle
(f prog)
“I will be jumping.”
PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
“have” or “has” plus
“been” plus present
participle (pres per
prog)
“I have been
jumping.”
“had” plus “been”
plus present participle
(past per prog)
“I had been jumping.”
“will have” or “shall
have” plus “been”
plus present participle
(f per prog)
“ I will have been
jumping.”
VERBAL
• A word formed from a verb but acting as a noun,
adjective, or adverb
• GERUND (ger)
– Verb acting like a noun; ends in ING
– i.e. Reading is fun.
• PARTICIPLE (part)
– Verb acting like an adjective; ends in ING, ED, or other past
tense endings
– i.e. I have running shoes. Frightened, I ran down the street.
It’s an unspoken rule.
• INFINITIVE (inf)
– To + verb
– Can act like a noun (I like to eat), adjective (It’s the best
place to eat), or adverb (I need a pen to write a letter)