Download What was the Renaissance?

Warm Up:
 What
were the four causes for the decline
of medieval life?
Renaissance
What was the Renaissance?
Period following the
middle ages (14501550)
 “Rebirth” of classical
Greece and Rome
 Began in Italy
 Moved to northern
Europe

Objectives
 During
ages


the middle
Find God
Prove pre-conceived
ideas
 During
the
Renaissance


Find man
Promote learning
"The Renaissance gave birth to the
modern era, in that it was in this era that
human beings first began to think of
themselves as individuals. In the early
Middle Ages, people had been happy to
see themselves simply as parts of a
greater whole – for example, as members
of a great family, trade guild, nation, or
Church. This communal consciousness of
the Middle Ages gradually gave way to the
individual consciousness of the
Renaissance."
– McGrath, Alister, In the Beginning, Anchor Books (2001), p.38.
Why was Italy the first to
rediscover these ancient ideas?
 Trade made the Italian city-
states fabulously wealthy
 Competition between the
city-states for status
 Available history. Italy is
layered with ancient relics
and ruins.
 Pride in the power of
ancient Rome
I. The Renaissance was the period that followed (brought
Europe out of) the Middle Ages. It was a time of renewed
interest in things of this world.



A.
B.
C.
Human beings and their conditions
Education, art, literature, and science
Approximately 1300 - 1600
II.
The Renaissance started in Italy where wealth from
trade supported art learning.

A.
Here also modern capitalism was born.
Private individuals or companies, not the
government, owned businesses. The main goal is
profit.

B.
Republican government arose in most cities.
Citizens participated.
III. Humanism, a system of thought and action concerned
with human interests and values, was the dominant
movement of the Renaissance.

A.
Human beings have dignity and intelligence.

B.
People can change the world and make it
a better place for all.
Humanism
 Pursuit


of individualism
Recognition that humans are creative
Appreciation of art as a product of man
 Basic
culture needed for all
 Life could be enjoyable
 Love of the classical past
IV. The ideal so-called Renaissance man was successful in
business, well-mannered, educated, athletic, and brave.

A.
The goal of education became making people
well-rounded.

B.
Religion remained important, but the authority
and some practices of the church began to be
questioned.
Causes of the Renaissance
 Lessening



Church disrespected
Nobility in chaos
Growth of Middle Class through trade
 Fall

of feudalism
of Constantinople
Greek scholars fled to Italy
 Education
 Nostalgia
among the Italians to
recapture the glory of the Roman
empire
Renaissance Man
 Broad
knowledge about many things
in different fields
 Deep
 Able
knowledge of skill in one area
to link areas and create new
knowledge
Gutenberg Bible

C. The Gutenberg Bible, named for the craftsman and
inventor of printing by use of moveable type, Johannes
Gutenberg, was completed in 1455 at Mainz, Germany.
The three-volume Latin text arguably represents the
greatest single innovation in the history of
communication technology, as well as a style of printing
that existed almost unaltered until the twentieth century.
Gutenberg’s invention and the dispersion of relatively
cheap printed materials ultimately stimulated enormous
change—social, political, economic, and religious. Some
forty perfect vellum copies of Gutenberg’s masterpiece
of technological advancement still exist in the world.
V. Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527), in The
Prince (1513) said, basically, one must do
whatever one must do to get and stay in power.
If it works, it is the "right" thing to do. Forget
ideals; lie, cheat, even murder if you must. A
stable state is needed.
VI.
Some brilliant people lived during this
time.
A. Leanardo da Vinci (1452-1519) painted (Mona Lisa),
studied geology, chemistry and anatomy, designed
buildings, canals and weapons, and sketched engines
and flying machines.
Mona Lisa
 The
greatness of
the Mona Lisa

What do you see?
"'Those [artists] who are enamored
of practice without science,'
Leonardo explained, 'are like sailors
who board a ship without rudder and
compass, never having any certainty
as to whither they go.'"
– Isacoff, Stuart, Temperament, Vintage Books, 2001, p. 85.
Notebooks
 Coded

Read R
 Scientific

L with a mirror
illustration
Used science to support
art
Military
Aeronautics
Anatomy
Technology





Machines
Hydraulics
Vehicles on land
Architecture
Scientific method
“Those sciences are vain and filled
with errors which are not borne of
experiment, the mother of all
certainty.”
Leonardo da Vinci
Legacy
Only 17 paintings
 Notebooks
 Drawings of unfinished works
 Diverted rivers to prevent
flooding
 Principles of turbine
 Cartography
 Submarine
 Flying machine
 Parachute
 …And much more….

Leonardo’s Environment and
Motivation
•Earning a living (profit)
•Rivalry with other artists
•Scientific curiosity
•Civic duty
B. Michelangelo Buonaroti (1475-1564) painted (the
Sistine Chapel ceiling), sculptured (David), designed
buildings, and wrote poetry.
Commissions by Medici
 Lived
in the
Medici palace
 Studied anatomy
 Several pieces for
the Medici tombs,
etc.
Return to
Rome
Worked on tomb
for Julius II
 Sistine Chapel

Sistine Chapel
Sistine Chapel
Moses

Received funding
from Pope Leo X

The Moses
St. Peter’s

Architect for St.
Peter’s
Legacy

World’s greatest
sculptor


See the figure inside the
stone and remove excess
Painter

Mannerism
Poet
 Architect
 Engineer

C. Desiderius Erasmus (1469?-1536), a priest who wrote
books, The Praise of Folly 1509, condemned ignorance
and superstition. He believed education could lead to
more perfect societies.
D. Raphael (1483-1520)
Time in Rome
 Borrowed
techniques from other
great artists
 Often sketched women and children
 Architect for St. Peter’s
 Died at 37 and buried in Pantheon
School of Athens
School of Athens
Madonna of the Meadow
Legacy of Raphael
 Refinement
 Exemplar
of the Renaissance
 Expertise:

Artist, archeologist, writer, philosopher,
teacher
E. Titian (1485-1576)
More art can be viewed at the Louvre Museum.
Titian and the Venetian School

Characteristics:



Vivid colors
Dynamics and dramatic
movement
Sensuality
F. William Shakespeare wrote plays showing humans as
in God's image, but part of this world as well.
Inventions of the
Renaissance
Clocks

The oldest surviving
mechanical clock
were made in the
1300’s.
 Italian scientist
Galileo discovered
the pendulum.
 This made for better
time keeping.
Water clocks and hourglasses

Water clocks and
hourglasses were
widely using in the
1500’s.
Water clocks and hourglasses

Water clocks and
hourglasses were
widely using in the
1500’s.
Printing

The Chinese were the first to invent printing in
868.
 In the mid-1400’s, Johan Gutenberg of Germany
invented a printing press using moveable type.
 Now books could be printed with greater speed
and less effort.
 The Gutenberg Bible is considered one of the
first books ever printed.
Eyeglasses
 Eyeglasses
were invented in the 1300’s.
 With the invention of the printing press in
the 1400’s, the demand for eyeglasses
increased.
 Far-sighted glasses (for reading) were
developed first.
 Later on near-sightedness was able to be
corrected.
Lenses
 Lenses
were used for more than just
eyeglasses.
 Galileo used lenses to make an
astronomical telescope to look at the stars
and planets in 1606.
 Isaac Newton made the first reflecting
telescope in 1668.
The Musket
 The
musket was the first usable rifle that
soldiers could carry into battle.
 It was developed in Spain in the 1500’s.
 It could fire a metal ball that could
seriously kill or hurt someone.
 The first muskets were very large weighing
40 pounds and being over 6 feet long.
 They were very hard to use.
The Rudder

The invention of the
rudder in the 1200’s
greatly increased
the control over
steering a ship.
The Flush Toilet

The flush toilet, or water closet as it was
called dates back to 1589 when it was
invented by Sir John Harington.
 Harington invented a valve that when pulled
would release water from a water closet. Sir
John recommended flushing the toilet once or
twice a day, although with our modern
technology, we know that is probably not
sufficient. (Rumor has it that, in Robin Hood's
day, King Arthur - angry with how his brother
ruled the country while the King was gone,
named the toilet, 'the john' - aka as 'the jon' to
you folks.)
Adding Machine

The French scientist, Blaise Pascal has
been credited with inventing the very first
digital calculator. In 1642, the 18-year-old
Pascal, the son of a French tax collector,
invented his numerical wheel calculator
called the Pascaline, to help his father
count taxes.
Thermometer
The Thermometer was invented by Galileo in
1593 which, for the first time, allowed
temperature variations to be measured. In
1714, Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the first
mercury thermometer, the modern
thermometer.
 Thermometers measure temperature, by
using materials that change in some way
when they are heated or cooled.

Submarine

The submarine was invented in 1624 by a man
named Cornelius van Drebbel.
 Leonardo da Vinci drew out the basic concept of
a submarine over one hundred years before.
 Drebbel, a Dutch inventor and engineer
employed by the British navy constructed a
leather- covered rowboat from which oars
protruded through watertight seals.
 Drubbel's ship could stay underwater for a few
hours, but it only went about fifteen feet under
the surface.
The Match




Fire - our worst enemy, our best friend - was difficult
to create until Robert Boyle invented the match in
1680.
Although fire could be made by rubbing sticks
together or by striking flint to steel, this was a time
consuming process. Boyle discovered that when
phosphorus and sulfur were rubbed together, they
would burst into flame.
Although convenient, Boyle's matches were not very
safe, because sometimes they accidentally went up
in flames while in a pocket. (Warm surprise!)
With some improvements and a little fine tuning, this
invention led to your modern safety match many
years later.
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