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Rise of Civilizations
Ancient Egypt
Importance of Geography
The Nile River
- heart of Egyptian civilization
- longest in world
- magnet for life
TRANSPORTATION
The Nile = water highway that joined Egypt together
moved resources, people throughout region
Geography As
Protection
South, East, and West = desert
North = Mediterranean Sea
Geography also protected Egypt
from outside influences
Rise of Ancient Egypt
  6,000 B.C. - first
inhabitants settle
around Nile River
Stages of Development
  Old Kingdom
  Middle Kingdom
- 2700 to 2200 B.C.
- age of prosperity & unity
- divine kingship established
- dynasty system of rule
established
- bureaucracy developed
- 2055 to 1650 B.C.
- Egyptian expansion by
conquest
- military protected expanded
territory
- traders traveled to Kush,
Syria, Mesopotamia,
Crete
(Egypt divided into provinces run
by pharaohs’ appointed governors)
Government:
  Pharaohs = kings
  Believed to be gods
  Pharaohs = center of
Egyptian religion,
government, and army
GOVERNMENT and RELIGION = inseparable in ancient Egypt
polytheistic = worshipped many gods
pharaoh = head of state and a living god on earth
= earthly form of Ra, the sun god
  Religion and government brought order to society through:
construction of temples
creation of laws
taxation
organization of labor
trade systems with neighbors
defense of Egypt’s interests
Ancient Egypt achieved stability through
co-operation of all levels of population
  PHAROAH at top of the social hierarchy
•  Next to pharaohs, most powerful =
viziers, executive heads of the
bureaucracy
•  Under viziers = high priests
•  At the bottom of the
hierarchy = scribes,
artisans, farmers, and
laborers
Cities:
- pyramids, tombs, temples, palaces
made of stone
- high degree of architectural and
engineering skill
- large workforce
EGYPTIAN BUILDINGS decorated with paintings, stone
carvings, hieroglyphs, statues
- art told stories of pharaohs, the gods, the common people, and the
natural world
Ancient Mystery:
The Pyramids
Immortality of the Pharaoh
  Egyptians believed pharaohs ruled even after death
  had an eternal spirit, ka, that continued to participate in
governing Egypt
  also believed the ka remained like a living pharaoh in its
needs and desires
  so pharaohs’ tombs needed:
eternal comforts: decorated walls of burial chamber with
pictures of pharaohs’ families, pets, etc.
luxuries: jewelry, game boards, precious stones, clothing
inscriptions: writings describing pharaohs’ achievements
Girls Rule…literally.
Before the Greco-Roman
period, at least three
women ascended to Egypt’s
throne
Most important: Queen
HATSHEPSUT
ROYAL WOMEN:
- royal mothers, wives, daughters
derived status from their
relationships with the pharaoh
- Pharaohs had multiple wives,
large families
Ramses II: eight wives, over a
hundred children
To keep the royal bloodline pure,
kings often married within their
families
Pyramids
-part of a funerary complex
-pharaohs, family of pharaohs, and nobles were buried in the
complexes
Modes of Expression/Technological
Innovations
  Advances in mathematics
aided in construction of
massive monuments
  Development of accurate
365-day calendar
Hieroglyphics
  form of Egyptian writing based on pictorial
characters that represented words and sounds
Rosetta Stone
  inscribed in different
languages
  helped decipher ancient
Egyptian hieroglyphic
writings
  only surviving fragment
of a larger stone slab
Decline of Old Kingdom
Power of pharaohs
declined
More and more
power fell to nobles
and officials.
Local rulers
struggled among
themselves for
power
Civil war tore Egypt
apart
Return of Royal Power:
The Middle Kingdom (2080-1640 B.C.)
 
 
 
 
Strong kings return law & order to Egypt
Farming revived, trade grew, arts flourished.
Capital moved from Memphis to Thebes
Public projects funded by increased trade
  Changes in religious beliefs:
- afterlife for commoners:
Old Kingdom: only pharaohs
immortal
Middle Kingdom: belief
developed that common
people also had eternal souls
Above: Coffin of a
Middle Kingdom Official
Second Decline
 Civil war breaks out again
 Egypt became prey to outside invaders
Egyptians ruled by Hyksos (Asian Nomads)
from 1640-1570 B.C.
Egyptians despised “less civilized” Hyksos
Hyksos Bring New Skills to
Egyptians
  Ability to make bronze for
tools and weapons
(Egyptians used copper)
  Ability to wage war from
horse-drawn chariots
  Used powerful new kind of
bow
  New spinning and weaving
techniques
The New Kingdom:
Age of Empires (1570-1075 B.C.)
  Egypt = greater power &
wealth than ever before
  King Tutankhamon ruled
  Egyptians became
conquerors
Professional army
assembled, included
bowmen, charioteers,
infantry
Above: Nov. 4, 2007: King Tut's
mummy, unmasked and on public
display in Egypt for the first time since
being discovered
Right: facial-reconstruction model of
King Tut made by a French team
based on CT scans of the boy king's
mummy
Right: One of the two
mummified fetuses
found in tomb of King
Tut in 1922. Shown
during modern
preparations for DNA
test in Cairo, Egypt
Female Rule
  Queen Hatshepsut
declared herself
pharaoh around 1478
B.C. (stepson was too
young to rule)
ruled for 22 years
better known for
encouraging trade than
waging war
Queen Hatshepsut
Above: Archaeologists today used a missing tooth to
positively identify the mummy of Hatshepsut, Egypt's
greatest woman pharaoh who reigned more than 3,000
years ago.
The Temple at Deir-El-Bahri
  Hatshepsut was an
18th-dynasty
pharaoh who was
one of a handful of
female rulers in
Ancient Egypt.
  Her reign was the
longest of all the
female pharaohs,
and her funerary
temple still stands as
a tribute to her
incredible rise to
power.
The Temple at Deir-El-Bahri
Queen Hatshepsut Cont…
 Carved scenes on her great funeral temple
show her officials on a trade expedition to
the east African coast buying myrrh,
frankincense, ebony, ivory, & leopard skins
 No one knows whether Hatshepsut died
naturally or was murdered by her stepson
(Thutmose III)
Warrior Pharaoh
  Thutmose III proved to be a
more warlike ruler than his
stepmother
  1450 - 1425 B.C.:
conducted 15 victorious
invasions into Palestine and
Syria. His armies also
pushed south as far as Nubia
& returned with thousands
of slaves
Images of Thutmose III
Meeting Their
Match
  1300 B.C.: Egyptians came
face to face with the
Hittites
armies met at Kadesh in
1288 B.C. fought each other
to a stand-still
The pharaoh and Hittite king
made a treaty, promising
“peace and brotherhood
between us forever”
For the rest of the century
the two kingdoms were
allies
Age of Builders
  Old Kingdom builders built pyramids for pharaoh’s tombs pyramids were too visible and easily robbed
  Rulers of New
Kingdom built tombs
beneath desert cliffs
site they chose was
the remote Valley of
the Kings near Thebes
Tutankhamen's tomb (lower left) in the Valley of the
Kings in western Thebes, Egypt.
Ramses II
 One of Egypt’s greatest rulers of New
Kingdom
-reigned for 67 years (1279-1212 B.C.).
-lived to 99, father of 150 children
-created giant temple of Amon (Egyptian’s
chief god)
-buildings were huge and impressive, but
not as skillfully built as those of Old
Kingdom
Temple of Amon at Karnak
Egypt’s Power Declines Again
  1200 B.C.: invasions destroyed many kingdoms
Egyptian records speak of attacks by “The People of the
Sea.” Little is known of these invaders, but left behind
vast destruction
Both the Egyptian and Hittite kingdoms fell to
these mysterious enemies
  671 B.C.: Assyrians took over Egypt
  571 B.C.: Persians conquered Egypt