Download Extended Learning Module A

Intro to MIS – MGS351
Computer Hardware
and Software
Extended Learning Module A
Chapter Overview
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Overview and History
Binary and Digital Communications
Hardware
– CPU, Memory, Storage Devices, Input
Devices, Output Devices
Software
– Operating Systems, Application
Software, Programming Languages
Computers
Other Computer Form Factors
Computers???
Essence of a Computer
“If we can build something that adds,
we’re well on our way to building
something that uses addition to also
subtract, multiply, divide, calculate
mortgage payments, guide rockets to
Mars, play chess and foul up our
phone bills.”
- Charles Petzold, CODE p131
Mechanical Computers
Difference Engine
"I wish to God these calculations had been executed by steam."
– Charles Babbage upon finding multiple errors in calculation tables
Binary Communications

Could you communicate successfully
with only two signals, symbols or
sounds?
Telegraph / Morse Code
– Braille
–
Can a Machine do
Binary Math?
Electricity and binary math?

Series circuit
S1
Open
Open
Closed
Closed
S2
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
Result
Not Lit
Not Lit
Not Lit
Lit
S1
0
0
1
1
Series/AND
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
S2
0
1
0
1
Result
0
0
0
1
Electricity and binary math?

Parallel circuit
S1
Open
Open
Closed
Closed
S2 Result
Open Not Lit
Closed Lit
Open
Lit
Closed Lit
S1
0
0
1
1
Parallel/OR
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
S2
0
1
0
1
Result
0
1
1
1
Binary Addition
0 + 0 = 00
0 + 1 = 01
1 + 0 = 01
1 + 1 = 10
SUM
0
1
0
00
01
1
01
10
CARRY
VALUES
0
1
SUM
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
Exactly like Series/AND
Almost like Parallel/OR
Stibitz 1-Bit Model K Adder
"We wouldn't have our iPhones today, if we didn't start out with stuff like this."
- Steve Wozniak
Digital Communications
Bit (binary digit)
Represents smallest unit of data in
the form of either 0 or 1
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Byte
String of bits, usually eight
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
Stores one number or character
Digital Communications
Sentence written in ASCII
0100000101010011010000110
1001001010010010010000001
1010010111001100100000011
0111001101111011101000010
0000011001100111010101101
1100010000001110100011011
1100100000011101000111100
1011100000110010100101110
What is this?
What is this?
Hardware

The physical electronic
components and peripherals of
a computer that do the “work” of
computing.
UB Desktop Computer
Dell OptiPlex 7010
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•
•
•
•
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Intel i7-3770 @ 3.40 GHz
10 GB RAM
1 GB AMD Radeon HD 7570
500 GB Hard Disk Drive
3.5 TB External Backup Drive
8X DVD ROM
16X DVD +/- RW
Windows 7 Enterprise
UB Laptop Computer
Dell Latitude E7440
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•
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Intel i7-4600U @ 2.10 GHz
16 GB RAM
Intel HD Graphics (Integrated)
256 GB Solid State Drive
Windows 7 Enterprise
Personal Laptop Computer
Microsoft Surface Book
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•
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Intel i7-6600U @ 2.60 GHz
16 GB RAM
NVIDIA GeForce GPU
500 GB Solid State Drive
Windows 10 Professional
CPU (processor)
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Interprets and carries out basic
instructions that operate a
computer. Controls other parts
of the computer system.
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Gigahertz and Multicore
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Moore’s Law
Memory (Primary Storage)
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Temporarily stores software program(s)
being executed, data used by the
programs and other instructions.
RAM - Random Access Memory
ROM - Read Only Memory
Volatile versus non-volatile
www.crucial.com
CPU and Primary Storage
What is this?
Storage Devices
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Sequential versus direct access
Magnetic disk: Floppy disk, Hard
disk
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Solid state drive
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Optical disks: CD-ROM, DVDs
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Magnetic tape: Inexpensive, older
secondary-storage medium
Input Devices
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Keyboard and Mouse
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Touch Screen
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Image and Biometric Scanner
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Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
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Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
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Bar Code Scanner
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Pen Based Input and Audio Input
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Virtual Reality
Output Devices
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Monitor
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Printer
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Audio Output
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Microfilm and Microfiche
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Virtual Reality
Software

The electronic instructions that
tell the computer hardware what
to do. Software is useless
without hardware and vice
versa.
Software
• Software program: Series of
statements or instructions to the
computer
• System software: Generalized
programs, manages computer’s
resources
• Application software: Programs
written to perform functions specified
by end users
Major Types of Software
What is an Operating System?

A set of programs that manages the
operations of a computer and functions
as an interface between the user, the
application programs and the computer
hardware.
–
Windows (XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10, Server) Mac
OS, DOS, UNIX, Linux, OS/2, MVS and
more!
Role of the Operating System
Operating System Functions
• Allocates and assigns system resources
• Schedules use of computer resources
• Monitors computer system activities
• Provides locations in primary memory
for data and programs
• Controls the input and output devices
Linux

Operating system originally developed by Linus
Torvalds in 1991
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Software is freely available and open source
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Contributions made by over 12,000 developers
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Used to power
–
New York Stock Exchange
–
Particle accelerator at CERN
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Toyota’s Vehicle Infotainment
–
Nearly all of the fastest 500 supercomputers
Popular Linux Distributions
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Ubuntu - www.ubuntu.com
Linux Mint - linuxmint.com
Zorin OS - www.zorin-os.com
Hundreds more at distrowatch.com
Can try Linux without installing it using
a Linux LiveCD - www.livecdlist.com
Application Software
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Software designed to perform peoplerelated tasks such as payroll, inventory,
and sales analysis.
Questions when Selecting Software
–
–
Proprietary or Common Off the Shelf
(COTS) Software? Build or Buy?
Open Source or Commercial?
Popular Programming
Languages
• Java, Javascript, C, C++, PHP,
Python, C#, Visual Basic, Objective
C, Perl, Ruby, Delphi
Programming Languages
• Machine language: Consists of 1s
and 0s of binary code
• Assembly language: Resembles
machine language, substitutes
mnemonics for numeric codes
• Third-generation languages:
FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC,
Pascal, and C
Programming Languages
• Fourth-generation language:
Employed directly by end users nonprocedural
• Natural languages: Similar to human
language
• Query languages: Retrieve data
stored in databases or files (eg SQL)
Programming Languages
• Machine code
010010 001010 111010 001011
• Assembly language
AR 5,3
• FORTRAN
READ (5,100) ID, QUANT, PRICE
TOTAL = QUANT * PRICE
• COBOL
MULTIPLY QUANT-SOLD BY UNIT-PRICE
GIVING SALES-TOTAL
Language Translation
Software
• Translates high-level language
programs into machine language
(1s and 0s) binary executables
• Compilers
• Interpreters
Is newer technology better?
When should you upgrade?
Quote
“We should be impressed by
technology, but we shouldn’t be
distracted by it or fooled into
thinking that technology, unto
itself, is the solution to anything.”
-Lou Gerstner