Download The Muscular System Workbook Module 4

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Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Module 4
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY WORKBOOK
Name: …………………………………………………………
1
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Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Name the three types of muscle tissue and say where it can be found in the body.
Muscle Type
Location
2
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Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Skeletal Muscle
List and describe the functions of skeletal muscle.
1.
2.
3.
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Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Use the diagram in your workbook to help you label the missing structures. You may
also use the labels below.
Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium
Muscle Fibre (cell)
Tendon
Fascicle
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Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Organisation of Skeletal Muscle
Complete the chart below giving the structure of each muscle part.
Muscle Part
Structure
Muscle fibre (cell)
Sarcolemma
Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium
Aponeurosis
Fascicles
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Muscle Part
Structure
Myofibrils
Sarcoplasmic
Reticulum
Function of Muscle Tissue
Contraction – The Sliding Filament Theory
Fill in the gaps of the chart overleaf of the following chain of events using the words
provided.
Acetylcholine
Motor Nerves
Muscle action potential
Actin
Calcium
Myosin
ATP
Shorten
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7
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Aromalyne Training
Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Muscle fibre types and characteristics
Describe the following muscle fibre types.
Slow Twitch (Type I)
Fast Twitch (Type 2)
How do Type 2a fibres create energy? …………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
How do Type 2b fibres create energy? …………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Which muscle fibre type has the highest rate of contraction?
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
What effect does this have on the muscle fibre?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Nerve supply to muscles in the body
Complete the following chart. Choose which nerves supply the given body areas.
You may use the labels below to help you.
Sciatic
Plexus
Phrenic
Radial & Ulnar
Nerve
Femoral
Body area served
Cervical
Skin and muscles of the head, neck
and top of shoulder.
Diaphragm
Brachial
Supplies the whole of the shoulder,
arm, forearm and hand.
Lumbar
Supply the lower abdomen and parts of
the leg including the thigh and skin.
Sacral
The buttocks and some leg muscles.
How do muscles relax?
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Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
What is muscle tone?
List the causes of muscle fatigue.
1.
2.
3.
Where do muscles get their energy from? Complete the following sentences.
For contraction to take place there must be an adequate supply of ………………….
from providing ……………………………………………………………………………….
and …………………………………. at the same time removing ……………………..
………………………………….. from ……………………………………………………
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Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
The principle carbohydrate that provides the energy that muscles require is
…………………………………. This is converted into ……………………………….
and stored in the liver and muscles. The muscles also get their energy from
……………………………Once the muscle has used up the…………………………..
and …………………………….., they are converted into………………………………
and ……………………………… which is passed in the venous blood stream and
…………………………….. via the……………………. , ……………………………,
…………………………. and………………………………………
In order to release energy, muscles work by combining ……………………………..
with ………………………………. The muscle burns the ……………………………..
and ………………………………….. by combining them with oxygen from the blood.
Lactic Acid Formation
In your own words, describe how lactic acid affects the muscles.
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Describe a tendon and its structure:
Describe a ligament and its structure:
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Level 3 Certificate in Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology for Complementary Therapies (ABC)
Smooth Muscle
What are the functions of smooth muscle?
1.
2.
Describe the structure of smooth muscle?
1.
2.
3.
4.
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There are two types of smooth muscle. Where are they found?
Type 1
Type 2
Cardiac Muscle
What are the functions of cardiac muscle?
1.
2.
Describe the structure of cardiac muscle?
1.
2.
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Sphincter Muscles
Define a sphincter muscle.
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The following sphincters have a specific location and function. Can you link up the
boxes?
Cardiac
Located at the base of the stomach. It
opens to release the stomach contents
into the duodenum.
Pyloric
The internal urethra allows the flow of
urine from the bladder and is under
involuntary control. The external urethra
prevents the escape of urine and is under
voluntary control.
Urethral
Located at the exit of the pancreas as it
joins the common bile duct. Allows
pancreatic bile to be secreted into the
small intestine to alkalise the stomach
contents with bile.
Anal
Located at the base of the oesophagus. It
opens to allow food to enter the stomach
and prevent reflux when the stomach is
churning.
Hepato-pancreatic
Marks the end of the rectum. Consists of
an internal smooth muscle and external
muscle. It allows for mass movement of
faeces once or twice a day.
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Muscle Movement
Muscle attachments are known by the terms ………………………………. and
……………………………………………
The end of the muscle closest to the centre of the body is referred to as the
…………………………………………..
The furthest away is known as the ……………………………………..…. point.
To co-ordinate movement, muscles work in ……………………………………..
Muscles are classified by their function:
Prime Mover
Stabilisers
Describe the following muscle classifications.
Agonist
Antagonist
Synergist
Fixator
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Muscle Action
Movement
Definition
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Pronation
Supination
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Inversion
Eversion
Circumduction
Elevation
Depression
Protraction
Retraction
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Use your handout to complete the tables below on muscle, position and action
and the diagrams for location.
Muscles of the Face
Muscle
Position
Action
Raises eyebrows, wrinkles
forehead
Covers temple bone from
sides of head to jaw
Corrugator
Buccinator
Risorius
Supports buccinator
Raised lower jaw, aids
mastication
Forms sphincter around
eye
Raises corner of mouth
(smiley face)
Wrinkles the chin
Mentalis
Orbicularis oris
Flexion of the neck
Covers the neck
Draws scalp backwards
Nasalis
Triangularis
Draws down corners of
mouth (sad face)
Aids swallowing
Digastric
Procerus
Bridge of nose
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Muscles of the face head and neck
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Muscles of the Shoulders
Muscle
Position
Large triangular muscle at
top of back
Action
Deltoid
Four sided muscle
between scapula 7 spine
Levator scapulae
Adducts arm, rotates
inwards
Small muscle between
scapula & humerus
Rotates arm outwards
Relatively large muscle
under scapula
Inward rotation of
humerus
Small muscle above
scapula
Abduction of shoulder.
Keeps shoulder in place
Serratus anterior
I
Stabilises shoulder socket.
Outward rotation of
humerus.
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Muscles of the back and buttocks
Muscle
Position
Long muscle running
either side of the spine
Action
Covers back of lower ribs
Quadratus lumborum
Iliopsoas
-psoas
-iliacus
Flexion of hip. Stabilises
lower back
Large muscle on buttocks
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Abduction and rotation of
hip
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Muscles of the upper limbs
Muscle
Position
Inside of upper arm
Brachialis
Action
Flexion of arm at elbow
Outside of upper arm
Pronator teres
Pronates forearm and
hand
Lower arm from elbow to
digits
Deep extensors
Extension of thumb and
forefinger
Superficial flexors
Deep flexors
Flexion of thumb and
forefinger
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Muscles of the lower limbs
Muscle
Hamstrings
-biceps femoris
-semitendonosus
-semimembranosus
Position
Action
Quadriceps
-rectus femoris
-vastus lateralis
-vastus intermedius
-vastus medialis
Adductors
Adduction, lateral rotation
of femur
Tensor fasciae latae
Abduction of thigh & hip.
Extension of knee. Medial
rotation of femur
Sartorius
Crosses thigh from outer
hip to inside of knee
Front of tibia on lower leg
Tibialis posterior
Plantar flexion and
inversion
Large calf muscle
Deep to gastrocnemius
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Muscles of the chest & abdomen
Muscle
Position
Large chest muscle
Action
Adduction, inward rotation
of the arm
Depression of scapula
Flattens to create more
room in thorax during
inhalation
In between ribs
Six pack muscle running
down abdomen
External obliques
Transversus
Flexes trunk. Rotation of
trunk
Forms waist by crossing
with external obliques
Across the abdomen
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