Download The Dawn of Civilization - Phillipsburg School District

The Dawn of Civilization
• Prehistory to AD 300
•1. The Beginnings of Civilization – Prehistory to 1000 BC
•2. The Ancient Near East – 4000 BC – 550 BC
•3. The Nile Civilizations – 5000 BC – AD 300
•4. Ancient India and China 2500 BC – 250 BC
4000–550 BC
The Ancient Near East
•1. Mesopotamia and Sumer
•2. Fertile Crescent Empires
•3. Hebrews and Judaism
•4. The Persian Empire
•Ancient Near East refers to a number of cultures
•Cradle of Civilization--world’s first peoples
•First to develop writing, use the wheel, and
create empires
4000 BC-550 BC
4000–550 BC
1. Mesopotamia: The City between Two Rivers
•5500 BC - farming
developed in Mesopotamia
•Floods of the rivers, led
to fertile soil
•Grew wheat and barley
•Developed methods to
control the water - canals
•The Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers - home to some of
the riches soils in the world
4000–550 BC
Ancient Fertile Crescent Area
•The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”
•Fertile Crescent - curve between Mediterranean Sea and the Persian
Gulf
4000–550 BC
Sumerians-first civilization in
Mesopotamia
•People who developed the
first civilization in
Mesopotamia
•Called their land Sumer
•Large cities began to appear
in 3000 BC
•Over time, each city formed
its own city-state. A political
unit with a government
•This led to fighting over
land and water
Sumerian Religion
4000–550 BC
Polytheistic-belief in many gods
• Anthropomorphic Gods
•
• Enki-the god of crafts, water,
intelligence, and creation
Innana-the god
of sexual love,
fertility, and warfare
Ziggurat at Ur
§ Temple -in each city a
large temple rose to the
sky
§ “Mountain of the
Gods”
§For defense, a massive
wall circled each city
4000–550 BC
4000–550 BC
Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing
•Sumerian writing using
sharp tools to make
wedge-shaped symbols on
clay tablets
4000–550 BC
Cuneiform Writing
•Used Cuneiform to
keep business
accounts and other
records
•They worked on law
and grammar as well
as works of
literature, such as
stories, poems, and
songs
Deciphering Cuneiform
4000–550 BC
Sumerian Scribes
4000–550 BC
•Sumerians who kept records
• “Tablet House”-Sumerian School
•required years of schooling, but
improved their social status
•Math system based on number
60 and a circle into 360
4000–550 BC
Sumerian Cylinder Seals
•Story through a Picture
Gilgamesh
4000–550 BC
•The Epic story of the
legendary Sumerian king who
after the death of his friend,
sought the answer of
immortality
• left his home and killed a
group of lions
Gilgamesh Epic Tablet:
Flood Story
4000–550 BC
The Royal Standard of Sumer
•As trade increased in Sumer,
social ranking developed in
Sumer
•Top - kings, priests and Mr.
Schenk
•Middle - landowners and
merchants
•Followed by artists, farmers
•Bottom – slaves – my students
Mesopotamian Trade
• “The Cuneiform World”
•What are some items that were traded?
4000–550 BC
4000–550 BC
Sargon of Akkad:
The World’s First Empire [Akkadians]
•Akkadians-established the world’s first empire Med Sea to Persian
Gulf
•Sargon I - created a permanent army and conquered all of Sumer
and northern Mesopotamia - used cunieform
4000–550 BC
The Babylonian Empires
•Tribe known as the
Amorites settled in
Babylon on the
Euphrates
•1792 BC - Amorite
king Hammurabi united
all of Mesopotamia
•Became known as the
Babylonian Empire
4000–550 BC
Hammurabi’s 1792-1750 B. C. Code
•Hammurabi - oversaw building projects, improved tax system,
increased trade
•Most famous for his code of laws - 282 laws dealing with issues
from trade to injury to theft to murder
4000–550 BC
Hammurabi, the Judge
•“If a man puts out the
eye of another man, his
eye shall be put out”
•Honored the Sumerian
Gods
•Under his reign, Babylon
became Mesopotamia’s
greatest city
Babylonian Math
4000–550 BC
•Highly sophisticated
•Used geometry that was necessary to build elaborate structures
and irrigation systems
•Also made scientific advancements
•invented the wheel and the plow
Babylonian Numbers
4000–550 BC
4000–550 BC
The Ancient Near East
•1. Mesopotamia and Sumer
•2. Fertile Crescent Empires
•3. Hebrews and Judaism
•4. The Persian Empire
•Ancient Near East refers to a number of cultures
•Cradle of Civilization--world’s first peoples
•First to develop writing, use the wheel, and
create empires
4000 BC-550 BC
4000–550 BC
2. Fertile Crescent Empires
• Assyrians
• Hitties
• Phoenicians
• Hebrews
• Chaldeans
• Persians
4000–550 BC
Indo-European Migrations: 4m-2m BCE
• The Middle East: “The Crossroads of Three Continents”
•What are the three continents?
•Indo-Europeans- tribes who spoke similar languages and invaded
Mesopotamia
The Hittite Empire
4000–550 BC
•Hittites-war-like Indo-European tribe from modern day Turkey
•conquered surrounding peoples including the Babylonian Empire
•Success was due to use of the horse-drawn chariots
4000–550 BC
Hittite Chariots & Warriors
•Horse-drawn chariot –heavy and slow but very powerful
•carried three men - one man drove, a second fought, and a third
held a shield for defense
•extra defender enabled the Hittites to move their chariots in close
to enemy forces while staying protected
Hittite Writing
4000–550 BC
•Used Sumerian cuneiform
•Used a code similar to Hammurabi
•First people in the area to master
iron working
•Used to make ornaments, tools,
and weapons
Hattusas
4000–550 BC
•The capital of the
Hittite Empire
•The Lion’s Gate - is
the entrance to the
Hittite capital
4000–550 BC
A Balance of Power: 1200 B. C.
•Hittite rule reached its peak in the 1300’s
•Hittite Empire fell to powerful raiders, known as Sea Peoples
The Battle of Kadesh
4000–550 BC
°Ramses II of Egypt
°Muwatalli of Hittite
°Kadesh- largest chariot battle ever fought
•Treaty of Kadesh peace
treaty
4000–550 BC
The Assyrian Empire
•Fierce determination and military might to
become supreme power in the region
•City of Assur along the upper Tigris River
•originally from northern Mesopotamia
4000–550 BC
Assyrian Military Power
•fierce warrior society
•Assyrian soldiers
carrying away the
enemy’s gods.
•Cavalry-armed with iron weapons
•masters of siege warfare
•Such brutality led to growing
bitterness toward Assyrians
4000–550 BC
Jewish Captives: 8c BCE
•“Many of the captives I burned in a
fire. I . . . cut off their hands . . . cut
off their noses , , , put out their eyes
•Ashurnasirpal II, quoted in Barbarian
Tides, 1500-600 B.C.
4000–550 BC
Assyrian’s Greatest Achievement
•Library in the Assyrian capital of Nineveh-20,000 cuneiform tablets
including most famous Epic of Gilgamesh
4000–550 BC
The Chaldean Empire
•The Chaldean Empire took over after the fall of the Assyrians
•made the old city of Babylon the capital of the new empire
4000–550 BC
Nebuchadnezzar II’s Babylon
•The most famous Chaldean king -defeated the Egyptians and the Jews
and rebuilt the city of Babylon
•known as a warrior and a builder
•Also captured Jerusalem
Babylon’s Entrance
4000–550 BC
•Ishtar Gate-
•eighth gate to inner city of Babylon
4000–550 BC
Babylon’s Hanging Gardens
•Hanging Gardens of Babylon-a grand palace in the city with
thousands of trees and flowers
•rebuilt Babylon as a place of splendor - numerous palaces and
temples, including a ziggurat
•Ancient writers listed the Hanging Gardens as one of the seven
wonders of the world
Israelites in Captivity
4000–550 BC
•Many Jews were taken as slaves from Jerusalem to Babylon
• eventually freed when Persians conquered Babylon
The Phoenician Empire
4000–550 BC
•A very wealthy trading society of western Asia whose legacy is still
felt today
•Lay at the western end of the Fertile Crescent along the
Mediterranean Sea - Sidon and Tyre
4000–550 BC
A Phoenician Bireme Ship
•Excellent sailors and dominated the
Mediterranean Sea
•Today known as Lebanon-farming was
difficult so they turned to trading
•Traded at ports in Egypt, Greece, Italy, and
Spain
•Historians suggest that they reached Great
Britain, but not sure
4000–550 BC
Carthage: Phoenicia’s Mightiest Colony
•A Major trading route
•on the coast of northern Africa
•Carthage later became a powerful city in the
Mediterranean Sea
A Royal Purple Dye
4000–550 BC
•Trade brought great wealth
•A local shell produced a purple dye used to
color fabric, became very popular
•Giant cedar trees were prized for timber
•Also experts in glassblowing- the art of
heating and shaping glass
•other exports - ivory carving, silverwork, and
slaves
4000–550 BC
Phoenician City of Byblos:
“Home of the Alphabet”
•Their greatest
achievement - the
alphabet
•One of the world’s first
alphabets
•consisted of 22 letters
•Greek modified their
language to include vowels
•Their version is the
ancestor of the modern
alphabet to write in the
English language
Phoenician Alphabet
4000–550 BC
4000–550 BC
The Ancient Near East
•1. Mesopotamia and Sumer
•2. Fertile Crescent Empires
•3. Hebrews and Judaism
•4. The Persian Empire
•Ancient Near East refers to a number of cultures
•Cradle of Civilization--world’s first peoples
•First to develop writing, use the wheel, and
create empires
4000 BC-550 BC
4000–550 BC
3. The Ancient Hebrews
•The Kingdom of Israel
•The ancient Hebrews and their religion,
Judaism, have been a major influence on
western civilization
4000–550 BC
Abrams Journey from Ur, Mesopotamia
•One day God spoke to Abram: “Get thee out of thy country . . . Unto
the land that I will show thee.”
•(Genesis 12:1)
•Canaan  The “Promised Land”-Mediterranean Sea
4000–550 BC
Abraham’s Genealogy
•Islam-Quran
HAGAR
•Judaism-Torah
ABRAHAM
SARAH
Ishmael
Isaac
12 Arabian
Tribes
Jacob/Israel Esau
•Muhammad
(the last
prophet)
•Quran and the
Five Pillars of
Islam
Mecca
(Muslims)
12 Tribes of
Israel
•2 Tribes - (Jews) of Judah •Other 10 tribes(Israelites)
•Jesus Christ (son of God)
(Hebrews)
•The Hebrew Bible - Old
Testament in the Christian
Bible
Abraham’s Journeys
4000–550 BC
•Why did Abraham take this route? Why did he not travel straight across
to the Promised Land
4000–550 BC
Yahweh’s- God of Judiasm
“Covenant” With His People
• The Torah
The first 5 books of
the Hebrew Bible.
 The most sacred text
in the Jewish religious
tradition.
Old Testament in
Christian Bible
Ancient Palestine
Between
Mediterranean Sea
and Jordan RiverIsrael, Jordan,
Lebanon, and Syria
4000–550 BC
4000–550 BC
Land of Goshen, Egypt
•Driven by famine, the Israelites left Canaan and went to
Egypt
•The Pharaoh, Egypt’s ruler, feared an Israeli uprising and
made them slaves
4000–550 BC
•Moses
•“Prince of Egypt”enslaved several
Israelites
•“Shepherd of His People.” Led
his people out of Egypt
The Exodus
4000–550 BC
•Moses went to the Pharaoh and demanded that the
slaves be sent free
•The Pharaoh refused and God sent a series of terrible
disasters on Egypt
•The Exodus - Journey In which Moses led the Israelites
of out Egypt
Route of the Exodus
•Israelites traveled through the desert for years
•They came to a mountain called Sinai
4000–550 BC
4000–550 BC
Moses and the 10 Commandments
•A new “covenant” with
Yahweh
•God met Moses at Mt.
Sinai
•God gave Moses Two
stone tablets with 10 moral
laws
4000–550 BC
Mount Sinai
•The Ten
Commandments
state that only god
exists (monotheism)
•stress the
importance of life,
self-control, and
justice
4000–550 BC
The Kingdom of Israel
•The Torah says that
Israelites wandered in the
desert for 40 years before
entering Canaan
•God promised land to be
“flowing with milk and honey”
•They regained control of
Canaan and called it the
kingdom Israel
King David’s Empire
4000–550 BC
•King Saul of Israel - the first king
•David- second Israeli king in 1000 BC
•Well loved and the people united behind him
•Under David, Israel grew into a strong kingdom
centered on the capital, Jerusalem
4000–550 BC
King Soloman’s Empire
•Solomon’s Kingdom-Israel
reached its height in wealth
and influence
•The son of David
•Praised in the Hebrew Bible
•Traded with other Near
East powers
•Built a magnificent temple in
Jerusalem
Ancient Jerusalem
•The land of Israel
•founded by David - capital
•King Soloman’s Temple
•The Arc of the Covenant
4000–550 BC
4000–550 BC
The Temple Mount, Jerusalem
Solomon’s Temple Wall: The “Wailing” Wall
4000–550 BC
King Solomon’s Temple
•The First Temple
•Judges, prophets - holy men who believed to carry messages from God
•Mission - to keep Israelites focused on their faith
4000–550 BC
Inside the Temple Tabernacle
•The Arc of the
Covenant
4000–550 BC
The Death of Solomon
•Death of Solomon -12
tribes split
•Judah-two tribes (Jews)taught monotheism-belief
in one god
•fell to Chaldeansdestroyed Soloman’s
Temple and enslaved
thousands of Jews to
Babylon
•Israel-10 tribes
•fell to the Assyrians
•scattered the peoples of
Israel across their empire
•Kingdom of Judah and
Israel
Israelites in Captivity
4000–550 BC
•Diaspora-scattering of Jews outside Judah
•Jews called this enslavement the Babylonian Captivity (50 years)
•The Persian Empire will eventually capture Babylon and let the Jews
return to Jerusalem
4000–550 BC
The Ancient Near East
•1. Mesopotamia and Sumer
•2. Fertile Crescent Empires
•3. Hebrews and Judaism
•4. The Persian Empire
•Ancient Near East refers to a number of cultures
•Cradle of Civilization--world’s first peoples
•First to develop writing, use the wheel, and
create empires
4000 BC-550 BC
4000–550 BC
4. The Persian Empire
•Formed one of the largest and best governed empires in the ancient
world
•made great cultural achievements
Cyrus the Great
4000–550 BC
Overthrew his grandfather Astyages,
king of the Medes
A tolerant ruler  he allowed
different cultures within his
empire to keep their own
institutions.
 The Greeks called him a
“Law-Giver.”
 The Jews called him “the
anointed of the Lord.” (In 537,
he allowed over 40,000 to
return to Palestine).
Son was madman led Persia into
rebellion
580 – 529 B. C.
4000–550 BC
Darius the Great
(526 – 485 B. C. E.)
 Built Persepolis.
 He extended the
Persian Empire to the
Indus River in
northern India. (2 mil.
s.q. mi.)
 Built a canal in
Egypt.
4000–550 BC
Darius the Great
(526 – 485 B. C. E.)
 Established a tax-collecting system.
 Divided the empire into districts
called SATRAPIES.
 Built the great Royal Road system.
 Established a complex postal
system.
 Created a network of spies called
“the King’s eyes and ears.”
Ancient Persepolis
•The capital of the Persian Empire
•Built by Darius I
•located in Persia near the Persian Gulf
4000–550 BC
Persepolis
4000–550 BC
•The greatest cultural achievement
of the Empire
•center was a high-ceiling audience
hall with magnificent decorations
and art and structure
4000–550 BC
The People of Persepolis
•Carved soldiers and
royal officials lined
the walls, all bearing
gifts for the mighty
emperor in whose hall
they stood
•Lions and bulls also
appeared on the
gates and columns
Persian “Royal Road”
4000–550 BC
•Built by Darius I
•connected Persepolis (Persian Empire) to the rest of the Middle East
and Africa
•Communication was central in the Empire
•Network of high quality roads
•World’s first highway stretching more than 1,500 miles
4000–550 BC
Persian Archers & Soldiers
•The heart of Darius’ Army
•Ten Thousand Immortals -highly trained soldiers
•Hand picked for their skills and dedication, these soldiers often
acted as a bodyguard for the emperor
•In battle, supported by cavalry soldiers mounted on horses and
camels and by chariots
4000–550 BC
Zarathustra [Zoroaster], 6c BCE:
Good Thoughts, Good Deed, Good Words
•During the reign of Cyrus and Darius,
a new religion took hold in Persia
•Zoroastianism - based on the
teaches of Zoroaster
•“Tree of Life”
4000–550 BC
Dualistic Battle of Good vs. Evil
•Ahura Mazda
“Holy Spirit”
•Ahriman
“Destructive Spirit”
•World created by Ahura, the source of everything good, true,
and pure to the world
•Opposing force was Ahriman - evil spirit that led to destruction
•Dualism-the belief that the world is controlled by two opposing
forces, good and evil
4000–550 BC
Zend-Avesta (The “Book of Law”)
•Their sacred text, their book of law
•People have free will and can act as they chose
•The “Sacred Fire”  the force to fight evil.
4000–550 BC
Extent of Zoroastrianism
•Spread through three continents
•The emperors worshiped Ahura Mazda
•When the Persian Empire fell, so Zoroastrianism almost disappeared
•Persia fell to a Greek king named Alexander the Great in 330’s BC