Download Unit 6.1 Totalitarianism Notes

Unit 6.1 Totalitarianism
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Totalitarianism
– Government by a ______________r who demands absolute ______to the authority of the state
– Methods used in a totalitarian state:
• ______ political party
• State control of the economy
• Use of secret police to enforce state policy
• Strict ______________ of media
• Use of ___________________
• Unquestioning obedience
Totalitarianism in the ___________________ (Russia)
– ________________ Replaces Lenin
• After the Soviet Union began experiencing serious economic problems, Lenin had begun
backing away from full communism
• When Lenin died suddenly in 1924, however, __________ won a power struggle to
replace him as leader of the state and returned the Soviets to strict communism
– Stalin’s __________________________
• In order to industrialize, Stalin set aggressive short-term quotas for _______production
• Those who met their goals were rewarded, while those who fell short were harshly
punished
• The end result was a focus on _________ over quality, leading to the ability to
manufacture large numbers of low-quality goods
– Farm Collectivization
• Stalin forced all farmers to _______________ their land and livestock to the state
• Unhappy peasants resisted by _____________ their livestock and burning crops
• Stalin responded with force, sending tens-of-thousands of peasants to _______(labor
camps) in Siberia or even just having entire villages executed for treason
– The ________________________ (1934-1938)
• Stalin eliminated anyone whom he considered a _________to his personal power,
including Communist Party officials, military leaders, and government bureaucrats
• In total, over 4 million __________________” were purged through either execution or
exile to the gulags
– Stalin the Dictator
• Stalin established the _____ (secret police force) to eliminate political dissidents
• Stalin used propaganda to give his people a false impression of Soviet “successes” and
Western “failures”
• Stalin attacked the Russian Orthodox Church by seizing church property, destroying
churches, and arresting and exiling priests
• Stalin also eliminated millions of ethnic “_______________” (Jews, Muslims, etc.)
– Why Did Anyone Support Stalin?
• Loyal Communist Party officials received _____________ like better housing, easier
access to goods
• Everyone received _________ education, free medical care, free child care, and cheap
housing
• Women were treated as absolute __________
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Fascism in _________________
– Post-WWI Problems
• Italy was dissatisfied with the Treaty of Versailles because promises of
___________were not kept
• War veterans found little work and a poor _______________
• Communist, socialist, and anarchist radicals plotted revolution
– __________: form of totalitarianism
• ______________ nationalism which glorifies the military, discipline, and loyal service to
the state
• Rejects democracy because of the “________________________” mindset that can lead
to corruption
– __________________________ (1883 – 1945)
• Created the Fascist Party in 1919 with the goal of recreating the _________Empire
• By 1922, he had enough political influence to coerce the king into naming him prime
minister
– Mussolini's ____________________
• Group of the most ____________ supporters of Mussolini
• Used violent tactics
• Mussolini used the Black Shirts to eliminate his rivals & critics, censor the press, & rig
elections
– Fascist Views on Gender Roles
• Men: become ___________ for Italy (either through military service or through factory
or farm production) under the Fascists’ “Believe! Obey! Fight!” motto
• Women: stay _______ and have babies – women who had 14 or more children were
rewarded as heroes of the state
– The ______________________
• Boys were encouraged to join the Young Fascists where they were taught military
discipline, the glory of ancient Rome, and how to obey without question
• Young Fascists followed their official motto: “Mussolini is always _________!”
Nazism in Germany
– Post-WWI Problems
• Germany was VERY _______________ with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which
had led the country into a deep economic recession and massive debt
• The new “Weimar” government was too weak to fix problems, stand up to foreign
pressures, or suppress political unrest from socialists, communists, and anarchists
– Economic Woes
• To pay its war debts, Germany simply ___________ more money, making their currency
worthless
• Massive inflation caused prices to soar
• The US provided aid (the Dawes Act), but then the Great Depression struck
– _______________
• The National Socialist German Workers’ Party
• Form of fascism that focused on __________, __________________, and the superiority
of the Aryan “master race” of pure Germans
– __________________ (1889 – 1945)
• WWI veteran, high school dropout, and Austrian immigrant who quickly rose to
leadership of the disorganized Nazi Party in 1920
• Built his power by creating squads of “______________” to spread Nazi ideals through
propaganda and intimidation
– The ______________ Putsch
• In 1923, Hitler tried to seize power by launching a rebellion in the German city of
Munich
• The revolt failed and Hitler was sent to prison for treason, but ended up serving less
than a year
– _________________
• While in prison, Hitler wrote and published Mein Kampf (_______________)
• The book laid out his personal belief in the superiority of the German race and
presented arguments for the elimination of “inferior” races, especially the Jews
– Hitler’s Rise to Power
• Once released from prison, Hitler rebuilt the Nazi Party and carefully consolidated his
power through the effective use of ________________ and his personal charisma and
speaking ability
• In 1933, he was elected as chancellor of ____________
– Hitler as Dictator
• Once in power, Hitler suspended most civil rights, and abolished all rival political parties
• Hitler established the ______________ (secret police) to root out his enemies
• Hitler also began rebuilding Germany’s military, in violation of the Treaty of __________
– Nazi Purification
• Changed all school curricula to reflect their ideals
• Created a __________________ program similar to Italy’s
• Banned modern art, jazz, and other “impure” art forms
• Promoted book ______________ for blacklisted books
• Closed all Catholic schools and churches and combined all Protestant sects into one
state-approved church
– The Nuremberg Laws
• Passed in 1935 to place severe restrictions on Jews
• Legally defined Jews as a “__________” rather than ___________
• Prohibited marriage or sex between Jews and non-Jews
• Denied Jews protection as __________________
• Jews could not serve in government, hold jobs in law, medicine, or teaching
– ___________________
• After the murder of a Nazi official by a Jew who was angry over the Nuremberg Laws,
Hitler ordered the ___________ to instigate mob violence against Jewish businesses,
synagogues, and neighborhoods
• On the “Night of Broken Glass” (Nov. 9, 1938), 91 Jews were killed, thousands of
businesses looted, and over 200 synagogues destroyed
– ____________________________
• Nazis began detaining _______________ of the state, including Jews, as early as 1933
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As Nazi power grew, more and more people were sent to the camps, with prisoners
eventually numbering in the millions
Militarism in Japan
– Chinese Turmoil
• In 1925, Chinese president Sun Yixian died and leadership of China passed to General
________________
• Chiang immediately found himself forced to deal with the growing Communist Party in
China
– The _____________________ (1927 – 1949)
• Nationalist Chinese, led by Chiang faced off in a bloody war against the Communists, led
by _________________________
• Communists won the popular support of the peasants, but Chiang controlled China’s
wealth and the military
– The _____________________________
• Japanese industry needed more natural resources, so elements within the military high
command decided to take advantage of Chinese disorder and ___________ an attack on
Japanese troops in Korea by the Chinese
• This fake attack tricked the Japanese Diet (legislature) into approving military action
against China
– Japan Invades Manchuria
• In 1931 Japan seized the Chinese province of Manchuria
• By 1937, Japan had also taken the Chinese capital of _____________
• Nationalists and Communists both fought against the Japanese occupation, but found it
almost impossible to root them out of Chinese territory
– ____________of Nanjing
• Japanese violence in China peaked in December 1937 with the slaughter of over 200,000
Chinese civilians in the city of Nanjing
• The city had __________ to surrender to the Japanese, trying unsuccessfully to defend
itself, thereby infuriating the Japanese High Command who then turned their troops
lose to rape and pillage the city
– Japan Condemned
• Japan’s invasion of Manchuria was condemned by the _______________
• In response, Japan quit the League
• The League’s failure to take any real action made it appear ________and ineffective
– Japanese ________________
• Japan’s military pressured the Diet to pursue further expansion
• After the mysterious deaths of some vocally antiwar politicians, fears grew that the
military would overthrow government if they did not get what they wanted, so the Diet
caved
• With the military essentially in control of the government, Japan signed military
alliances with _____________ & Italy