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GNU, Linux and Open Source GNU Kernel GNU/ Linux OpenSource GNU - GNUs Not Unix GNU (pronounced g'noo) is a free operating system GNU was invented by Richard Stallman in 1983 at MIT Stallman quit his job at MIT so that they could not claim ownership and interfere with distributing GNU as free software GNU – GNU/ Linux The members of the GNU project tried to build their own kernel (HURD) to get a fully functional free operating system In 1992, GNU was combined with a free Unix-compatible kernel called LINUX It is distributed as GNU/Linux Suse, Debian/Linux, Red Hat In 2005, the distributer Debian released the first GNU with its own kernel HURD Debian HURD GNU/ Linux - develpoers Richard Stallman Linus Torvalds KERNEL – the core a kernel is the core of an operating system its responsible for providing secure access to the machine's hardware and to various computer processes KERNEL – the core KERNEL – types monolith kernel microkernel (WinNT 4, Mac OS X ) less powerful provides a small set of simple hardware drivers and uses external applications to provide more functionality hybrid kernels (UNIX, Linux, MS/DR- DOS) more powerful Drivers and modules are embedded in to the kernel which improves the speed of a OS (Windows 2000, Windows XP, etc) others LINUX-KERNEL In 1991, Linus Torvalds (Finland) wrote a Unix-compatible kernel (v0.01) LINUX (LINUs uniX) It was available for free, but copyrighted on the Internet LINUX-KERNEL 1993 it became a part of GPL (General Public License) Single person and group developers started distributing GNU/Linux systems as standalone OS LINUX-KERNEL 1993 it became a part of GPL (General Public License) Single person and group developers started distributing GNU/Linux systems as standalone OS GPL – General Public License GPL was released in January 1989 The latest version of the license, v2, was released in 1991 GPL – grants the freedom to run the program for any purpose the freedom to study how the program works and modify it (Access to the source code is a precondition for this) the freedom to redistribute copies the freedom to improve the program, and release the improvements to the public (Access to the source code is a precondition for this) Win vs. Linux startup You see what you get ! startup Windows XP startup Linux Win vs. Linux prompt MS-DOS prompt GNU/ Linux prompt Win vs. KDE environment Windows XP GNU/Linux KDE 3.3 OpenSource – free as in free speech Its source code is published and made available to the public, enabling anyone to copy, modify and redistribute the source code without paying royalties or fees Since the early 1960s most software was developed in an open source manner OpenSource – examples General: Linux (kernel) KDE/ GNOME (desktop environment) Apache (webserver) MySQL (database) OpenOffice.org (office) Mozilla (browser) GIS Software: UMN – MapServer (mapserver) Grass (GIS) OpenSource – costs MICROSOFT/ ESRI: OpenSource: WindowsXP ~$250 GNU/Linux $0 Office2k3 ~$500 OpenOffice.org $0 ArcView $1,500 GRASS $0 UMN Mapserver $0 Documentation $0 ArcGIS Documentation Set $480 LINKS http://www.wikipedia.com http://www.gnu.org http://www.kernel.org http://www.linux.org http://www.suse.com http://www.debian.org http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd