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Nano-Medicine
Against Nano-Medicine
For Nano-Medicine
Background
Bioaccumulation and toxicity of gold nanoparticles after repeated administration in mice.
Authors: Lasagna-Reeves, C.; Gonzalez-Romero, D.; Barria, M.A.; Olmedo, I.; Clos, A.;
Sadagopa Ramanujam, V.M.; Urayama, A.; Vergara, L.; Kogan, M.J.; Soto, C.
A Nanomedicine Transports a Peptide Caspase-3 Inhibitor across the Blood-Brain Barrier and
Provides Neuroprotection
Authors: Karatas, Hulya; Aktas, Yesim; Gursoy-Ozdemir, Yasemin; Bodur, Ebru;
Yemisci, Muge; Caban, Secil; Vural, Atay; Pinarbasli, Onur; Capan, Yilmaz; Fernandez-Megia,
Eduardo; Novoa-Carballal, Ramon; Riguera, Ricardo; Andrieux, Karine; PatrickvCouvreur;
Dalkara, Turgay
Nano-Medicine is believed to become an extremely effective
method of medical treatment. Early testing in mice has
revealed the potential for nano-medicine to treat cancer and
other serious diseases. Also, nano-medicine is expected to help
assist in surgeries and in medical imaging. However, the
biggest controversy is in using nano-particle for drug delivery.
Studies are showing that small nano-particles can be used to
help with the delivery of drugs to the areas of the body where
they are intended to reach. These nano-particles are thought to
reach the intended areas with better accuracy, and perhaps
reach intended areas that the drugs were not able to reach
without nano-particles. In general, nano-particles are expected
to make drug treatment more effective. However, it is debated
whether using nano-particles for drug delivery is actually safe.
There are theories that claim nano-particles will have toxic
effects on the body. These articles will review the findings in
regards to the toxicity of nano-particles and their ability to
effectively assist with drug delivery.
Although nanoparticles have the potential to offer great medical success, there is little
evidence to show that they are safe after repeated use. This study examines the toxic effects
of different doses of gold nanoparticles in mice for 8 days of administration. All organs
showed a significant increase in gold when the dose was large. Small doses did not show a
toxic increase. The results of this study showed that accumulation of toxins from
nanoparticles depends on the dose that is administered. 400 kg/day was a dose that did
show toxic effects. In conclusion, nanoparticles could be dangerous if administered in high
doses, but at low doses they do not cause harm.
Nanoparticles can cause DNA damage across a cellular barrier
Authors:Gevdeep Bhabra; Aman Sood; Brenton Fisher; Laura Cartwright; Margaret
Saunders; William Howard Evans; Annmarie Surprenant; Gloria Lopez-Castejon; Stephen
Mann; Sean A. Davis; Lauren A. Hails; Eileen Ingham; Paul Verkade; Jon Lane; Kate Heesom;
Roger Newson & Charles Patrick Case
This study was conducted to observe in nanoparticle cells can access, and damage, areas
that they are not intended for; since they are very effective at reaching areas that many
medical treatments cannot. The study observed that nanoparticle cells can damage other
unintended cells by getting past healthy cell barriers. Nanoparticles can use ATP, or
junctions and channels, to get past cell barriers. As a result, the nanoparticles had caused
damage to DNA, but had not caused cells to die. This study warns that the indirect effects of
nanoparticles needs to be examined when using nanoparticles for treatment.
In most cases, it is difficult to get peptide inhibitors into the brain to protect the nervous system.
This is because the blood-brain barrier usually stops the peptides from entering the brain. This
study used Caspase-3, as the target drug because it has high pharmacological value in cell death.
The Caspase-3 was loaded onto nanospheres. It was found that the nanospheres were able to
rapidly transport across the blood-brain barrier without being destroyed by the liver or spleen.
The study determined that nanospheres can cross the blood-brain barrier and thus serve as a
whole new way to treat central nervous system disorders.
Benefit of nanocarrier of magnetic magnesium in rat malathion-induced toxicity and cardiac
failure using non-invasive moniroting of elctrocardiogram and blood pressure.
Authors: Mohammadi, Hamidreza; Karimi, Gholamreza; Seyed Mahdi Rezayat; Ahmad Reza
Dehpour; Shafiee, Hoda; Nikfar, Shekoufeh; Baeeri, Maryam; Sabzevari, Omid; Abdollahi,
Mohammad
Organophosphate poisoning (OP) is usually very difficult to manage. It results in a decreases of
the heart’s contractility and cell damage, resulting in cardiac failure. Using rats, this study had
two groups of test rats that were given a dose of malathion (MAL) poison in order to create
cardiac failure. One group was given the standard treatments for poisoning resulting in cardiac
failure, such as magnesium sulfate (MgSO4). The second group was given PMC16 nanoparticle
(Porphylleren-MC16). The results showed that in all doses, compared to standard treatments,
PMC16 was able to restore heart rate, blood pressure, and increase the rest and relaxation
duration of the heart. PMC16 was also able to increase antioxidant power. In conclusion, PMC16
nanoparticle was able to significantly recover the rat’s from cardiac failure. The study finds that
PMC16 is able to control OP-induced cardiac failure and toxicity.
Conclusion
Prior to examining these studies, I believe that nano-medicine,
specifically nano-particles being used for drug delivery, can be
extremely beneficial and accurate. There are cases that show
that nano-particles are safe and show no signs of damaging the
body. Other cases show evidence of damage caused by nanoparticles. It seems that damage from nano-particles is very
unlikely if the treatment is delivered at the correct, and safe,
doses. Proper administration of nano-particles should result is
very low chances of damage to the body. There will need to be
methods developed to determine what doses are considered
safe, and what methods of delivery are safe. After those
methods have been established and proven, I believe nanomedicine should become a successful and encouraged form of
treatment.
Survey
Nano-Medicine Questionnaire
Directions: Choose the answer that you most closely agree with. Only choose one answer per question.
Do you know a general description of what nano-medicine is?
I know what nano-medicine is
I know a little about nano-medicine
I have heard of nano-medicine but don’t know what it is
I have never heard of nano-medicine
Would you like to learn more about nano-medicine?
Yes
No
I trust nano-medicine to safely treat disease…
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
I currently think positively about nano-medicine…
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neither Agree nor Disagree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Effects of PEG-PLA-nano Artificial Cells Containing Hemoglobin on Kidney Function and Renal
Histology in Rats.
Authors: Zun Chang Liu & Chang, Thomas M. S.
The purpose of this study was to discover if PEG-PLA nano artificial cells containing hemoglobin
would cause harm to the renal system of rats. The rats were divided into groups based on which
what injection they would get, the PEG-PLA nano particles (NanoRBC), rat blood cells, and other
cells containing hemoglobin. 21 days after the injections, the rats were sacrificed so their
kidneys could be examined. Only one of the test groups showed damage to the renal system, the
stoma-free hemoglobin. All other groups, including NanoRBC did not show any damage or
abnormalities in renal histology or biochemistry. It was concluded, that an injection of NanoRBC
will not cause harm to the renal system.
Survey Results
I would allow nano-medicine to be used on me if I had a disease…
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neither Agree nor Disagree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
25
I would like nano-medicine administration to have set rules and regulations…
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neither Agree nor Disagree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
20
I would encourage others to look into nano-medicine as treatment for a disease…
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neither Agree nor Disagree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
I believe nano-medicine can have toxic effects on the body…
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neither Agree nor Disagree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
16
14
15
Strongly Agree
Agree
12
Neither Agree nor Disagree
Disagree
10
Strongly Agree
Strongly Disagree
10
Sources
8
Karatas, H; Aktas, Y; Gursoy-Ozdemir, Y. et al. 2009. A Nanomedicine Transports a Peptide Caspase-3 Inhibitor across the Blood-Brain
Barrier and Provides Neuroprotection. Journal of Neuroscience. Vol 29. Issue 44. Pg 13761-13769
6
Neither Agree nor Disagree
Lasagna-Reeves, C.; Gonzalez-Romero, D.; Barria, M.A. et al. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of gold nanoparticles after repeated
administration in mice. Biochemical & Biophysical Research Communications. Vol 393. Issue 4. Pg 649-655.
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
5
4
Mohammadi, H.; Karimi, G.; Seyed Mahdi R. et al. Benefit of nanocarrier of magnetic magnesium in rat malathion-induced toxicity and
cardiac failure using non-invasive moniroting of elctrocardiogram and blood pressure. Toxicology & Industrial Health. Vol 27. Issue 5. Pg
417-429
Zun Chang Liu & Chang, Thomas M. S. 2008. Effects of PEG-PLA-nano Artificial Cells Containing Hemoglobin on Kidney Function and Renal
Histology in Rats. Artifical Cells, Blood Substitues, & Biotechnology. Vol 36. Issue 5. Pg 421-430
Agree
2
0
I think positively
about NM
I trust NM to safely
treat disease
I would allow NM to
be used on me
I would like NM to
have rules and
regulations
0
I would encourage others to look at I believe NM can have toxic effects
NM as treatment
Bhabra, G.; Sood, A.; Fisher, B. et al. 2009. Nanoparticles can cause DNA damage across a cellular barrier. Nature Nanotechnology. Issue 4.
Pg. 876-883.
Tommy Boulay