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Cicero through the End of the Republic
Adapted from http://www.roman-empire.net/republic/rep-index.html
63 Cicero consul. Caesar is pontifex maximus. Pompey seizes Jerusalem. Cataline Conspiracy. Birth of Octavian.
62 Defeat and death of Catalina. Pompey settles matters in the east, returns to Italy and disbands his army.
61 Caesar governor of Further Spain. Revolt of the Allobroges. Aedui appeal to Rome.
60 Caesar returns from Spain, first triumvirate between Casesar, Crassus and Pompey.
59 Caesar consul. Pompey marries Caesar's daughter Julia. Caesar as proconsulship of Cisalpine Gaul and
Illyricum; senate adds Transalpine Gaul to this.
58-51 Caesar's campaigns in Gaul
58 Tribunate of Clodius. Cicero exiled. Cyprus annexed. Caesar defeats Helvetii and Ariovistos
57 Clodius and Milo riot in Rome. Return of Cicero. Caesar defeats Nervii and other Belgae
55 2nd consulship of Crassus and Pompey. Pompey builds Rome’s 1st stone theatre. Caesar bridges the Rhine,
invades Germany, then Britain.
54 Pompey, near Rome, governs Spain through legates. Death of Julia. Caesar to Britain. Revolt in NE Gaul.
Crassus prepares for Parthian campaign.
53 Riots in Rome. Battle of Carrhae: Parthians defeat Roman army, kill Crassus, and take army standards as booty.
52 Milo kills Clodius. Trial of Milo. Pompey sole consul. Revolt of Vercingetorix in Gaul.
51 Parthians invade Syria
49-45 Civil War - Julius Caesar fighting the Pompeians
49 January 10 Caesar crosses the Rubicon and marches on Rome defying the Senate. Pompey to Greece. Caesar
dictator for 1st time, for 11 days, passes emergency legislation. Caesar in Spain, defeats Pompeians.
48 Caesar crosses to Greece, defeating Pompey at Pharsalus. Pompey flees to Egypt and stabbed to death on
landing. Caesar in Egypt. Alexandrine War. Caesar makes Cleopatra queen of Egypt.
47 Caesar defeats King Pharnaces II of Pontus, returns to Rome, then leaves for Africa.
46 Caesar crushes surviving Pompeian forces under Scipio and Cato at Thapsus. Caesar dictator 2nd time, consul 3rd
time. Cato commits suicide. Caesar returns to Rome and reforms calendar. Caesar leaves for Spain.
45 Caesar dictator 3rd time, consul 4th time. Battle at Munda (Spain): last Roman Republican resistance crushed
44 Caesar dictator 4th time (for life), consul 5th time. March 15, Caesar murdered by Brutus, Cassius, and others
acting for the Republicans. Octavian returns from Greece.
43 April 21: Octavian defeats Marc Antony at Mutina.
43 Second Triumvirate: Antony, Octavian, Lepidus. Proscriptions. Cicero is murdered.
42 Julius Caesar deified. Sextus Pompeius controls Sicily. Battle of Philippi: the Triumvirate defeat Brutus and
Cassius, both of whom take their own lives
40 Agreement at Brunidisum divides the Roman empire. Antony marries Octavia. Parthian invasion of Syria.
39 Agreement at misenum between Antony, Octavian and Sextus Pompeius. Parthian defeated at Mt Amanus.
38 Naval successes of Sextus Pompeius. Defeat of Parthians at Gindarus. Antony captures Samosata.
37 Pact of Tarentum; triumvirate renewed. Antony marries Cleopatra at Antioch.
34 Antony celebrates triumph in Alexandria
33 Octavian consul for second time. Antony in Armenia. Antony and Cleapatra winter at Ephesus.
32 Octavia divorced by Antony. Octavian publishes Antony's will in Rome. Antony and Cleopatra in Greece.
31 Octavian consul 3rd time (and successively ‘til 23 BC). Sept. 2, Octavian defeats Antony in naval battle off Actium
30 Tribunician powers granted to Octavian. In August, Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide in Alexandria
29 Octavian celebrates his Triumph in Rome, the doors of Temple of Janus are closed, the war officially ended,
many legions disbanded, and land distributed to veterans. Dedication of Temple of Divus Julius.
28 The Senate, its numbers already somewhat reduced by Octavian, grants him the title of Princeps Senatus.
Census held by Octavian and Agrippa. Mausoleum of Augustus begun.
27 January 13, Octavian makes the gesture of returning command of the state to the Senate and the people of
Rome, receiving in return vast provinces and most of the army as his own. Three days later the Senate confers on
him great powers, numerous honors, and the title of Augustus
27-25 Augustus directs the final subjugation of Spain and the administrative reorganization of Spain and Gaul
23 The Senate grants Augustus the titles and powers of Imperium proconsulare maius and tribunicia potestas for life,
thereby turning over to him complete control of the State and ending the Roman Republic