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Theory of Flight
Objectives
• Four forces of flight
• Parts of an airfoil
• Bernoulli and Newton
• Three axis of control
All are demonstrated by the flight of the bird!
5/8/2017
Intro to Flight
1
Upward force, opposes
gravity, supports weight of
aircraft
Artificial
Four Forces of Flight
Retards
forward
movement
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Artificial
Natural
Natural
Variable with
throttle — pulls
an aircraft
forward
Intro to Flight
Gravity - constant in level
unaccelerated flight,
2
Important Terms
• Airfoil – component (such as a wing) designed to produce
lift, thrust or directional stability
• Wind - air in motion
• Relative wind - flow of air opposite flight path of an airplane
• Angle of attack – angle formed by the chord line and
relative wind
Flight Path
Angle of attack -- α
Relative wind
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Intro to Flight
3
Bernoulli’s Theorem (1750)
High speed low pressure
Ping pong ball
supported by
Bernoulli
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Air flowing
over paper…
Intro to Flight
4
Factors affecting
Bernoulli’s
Induced lift
- Camber
- airspeed,
- angle of attack
Impact, planar
Downwash effect
(Isaac Newton’s Third
Law of Motion 1700)
- Angle of attack
“For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”
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Intro to Flight
5
Mathematics of Flight
Coefficient – a factor that contributes to producing a result
Area of the wing
Coefficient of lift (airfoil design
(average chord x
and angle of attack)
wing span)
Lift = CL x R x (½Velocity)2 x A
Altitude (density
of air)
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Speed (doubling speed
provides 4 times lift)
Intro to Flight
6
Stall—airflow
separation from
the wing
Caused by high
angles of attack
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Intro to Flight
7
Thrust--Basic Concepts
• Internal combustion engines derive power from changing
chemical energy into mechanical energy.
• A small amount of fuel is burned to produce a large
volume of hot gas.
• The gas pressure provides mechanical or reactive
movement.
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Intro to Flight
8
Four Stroke Engine
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Intro to Flight
9
What about Drag?
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Intro to Flight
10
What about Thrust & Drag
Power Available
(fixed pitch)
400 lbs.
Max Speed 100%
TAS 75% Power
Best Climb Vy
Stall Speed
Airspeed
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42
Intro to Flight
73
134
143
11
Control Surfaces
Right Aileron
Rudder
Elevator
Left Aileron
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Intro to Flight
12
Three Axis of Control
A real or imaginary line on which an object rotates
Vertical Axis
Center of
Gravity
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Intro to Flight
13
Balancing the Airplane on the
Center of Pressure
Center of Lift (CP)
is behind the CG
CP
CG
Arm
Need for negative lift on
the horizontal stabilizer
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Intro to Flight
14
Defining the Essentials
Arm
Arm
Weight
Weight
Fulcrum
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Intro to Flight
15
Aircraft Stability
CP – Center of Pressure (Lift)
- Lift moves CG aft
CG – Center of Gravity
Determine
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Intro to Flight
16
Important Terms — A new Language
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
aerodynamics - the forces of air in motion
aeronautics - science of flight in the atmosphere
aerospace - combination of aeronautics and space
AGL - Above Ground Level MSL – Mean Sea Level
air - mixture of gases 79% N, 19% O and 2% other
aircraft - machine capable of flying through the air.
airplane - kept aloft by aerodynamic forces on wings and is
thrust
8. airfoil - component, such as a wing designed to produce lift,
thrust or directional stability
9. aviation - art, science & technology of flight in the atmosphere
10. aviator -person operates aircraft during flight
11. camber -curved part of an airfoil (leading to the trailing edge)
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Intro to Flight
17
Important Terms
12. chord - line drawn from leading to its trailing edge
13. drag - force retards forward movement of an aircraft in flight
14. downwash- downward movement of air behind the wing
15. leading edge -the front part of an airfoil
16. lift - upward force, opposes gravity, supports weight of aircraft
17. relative wind - flow of air opposite flight path of an airplane
18. static - standing still, or without motion
19. supersonic - faster than the speed of sound.
20. Subsonic is below the speed of sound
21. thrust - the force which moves an aircraft forward in flight
22. trailing edge - the back part of an airfoil
23. wind - air in motion
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Intro to Flight
18