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Simposio Internacional: La exploración del océano logros y desafíos
International Symposium: The Exploration of the Ocean: Archievements and Challenges
Madrid, 13 y 14 de junio de 2013
Madrid, June 13-14, 2013
Inicio
1. The Ocean: A microbial ecosystem, Carlos Pedrós Alió
2. The dynamics of the seabed, Miquel Canals
3. The role of the ocean in Global Biogeochemistry, Rafel Simó
4. Ocean Observations: The birth of a volcano, Eugenio Fraile
5. How many species inhabit the ocean?, Philippe Bouchet
6. The Malaspina 2010 Expedition and the Exploration of the Ocean, Carlos M. Duarte
7. On the search for water planets: Is the ocean a singularity in the universe?, Ignasi
Ribas
8. Discoveries in the Exploration of the Deep Ocean, Eva Ramírez-Llodra
9. Corals in extreme ecosystems: exploring and re-discovering marine life in the shelfbreak, Josep Maria Gili
10. How many fish are in the ocean?, Xabier Irigoien
11. Marine Sciences in Spain, Fidel Echevarría
FUNDACIÓN RAMÓN ARECES
Simposio Internacional: La exploración del océano logros y desafíos
International Symposium: The Exploration of the Ocean: Archievements and Challenges
Madrid, 13 y 14 de junio de 2013
Madrid, June 13-14, 2013
The Ocean: A microbial ecosystem, Carlos Pedrós Alió
By definition, microorganisms are invisible to the naked eye. However, they are the most
abundant and the most diverse living beings in this Planet. Their contribution to carbon,
nutrient, and energy flows is essential, to the point that a world without microbes would not
be viable, while a strictly microbial world has existed for most of the history of life on Earth.
In the oceans, microbes carry out most photosynthesis and respiration, as well as
essential processes such as nitrogen fixation and they are the base of all marine food
webs. Thanks to novel genomics and sequencing techniques we are beginning to uncover
the dimensions of their diversity as well as their metabolic flexibility. This knowledge is
essential if predictions about the future of the oceans are to be accurate. In addition, the
10e29 prokaryotic cells in the oceans contain a wealth of genes with potentially useful in
pharmacology, biotechnology, bioremediation and other applications.
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The dynamics of the seabed, Miquel Canals
The deep seabed is far from being the calm place that research pioneers thought. Instead,
both natural processes and human activities episodically disturb it. Recent studies have
shown that dense shelf water cascading, open ocean deep convection and major storms
are able to reach large depths and tremendously impact the deep ecosystem. I often refer
to these processes as the “three tenors” in recognition of their role in driving the deep
ocean. They are responsible for the “Robin Hood effect” too, as they convey large
amounts of food from the rich shallow ocean to the impoverished deep ocean. In doing so
they directlyinfluence fisheries by leading to temporary collapses of valuable commercial
species followed by recovery and bounty. But they also carry pollutants and litter thus
contributing to the spreading of the human imprint down to the most remote places of our
seabed. Neutrino telescopes in the deep ocean have provided new evidence on the
response of the deep-sea ecosystem to such natural perturbations, which are climate
sensitive. Since the 1970’s, after the industrialization of the fleets, bottom trawling has
added as a new major contributor to the disturbance of the deep seabed that proceeds at
an unprecedented rate, as trawlers pass everyday over the same place, all the days in a
week and almost all weeks in a year, thus levelling the seascape, removing the seafloor
FUNDACIÓN RAMÓN ARECES
Simposio Internacional: La exploración del océano logros y desafíos
International Symposium: The Exploration of the Ocean: Archievements and Challenges
Madrid, 13 y 14 de junio de 2013
Madrid, June 13-14, 2013
soil and destroying the communities living there, and repeatedly triggering suspensate
clouds at full global ocean scale. The volumes of sediment remobilised by deep-sea
trawling are similar or event larger that those involved in naturally occurring submarine
landslides. Deep sea trawling is making our deep ocean to become a sort of submarine
farmland covered by a “dust ocean”. Deep-sea mining in the horizon could just represent
the final push towards a turbid global ocean with far-reaching implications.
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The role of the ocean in Global Biogeochemistry, Rafel Simó
Por su enorme extensión y profundidad, por sus características de fluido, y por el hecho
de estar poblado de vida, el océano desempeña un papel fundamental en los ciclos de los
elementos y la energía de nuestro planeta. La configuración de los ciclos del carbono, el
oxígeno, el nitrógeno, el fósforo, el azufre o el iodo, por citar algunos de los elementos
esenciales, no se comprenderían sin tener en cuenta los procesos que ocurren en el
océano, procesos en los que la biosfera marina tiene una función central. Aunque parezca
mentira, todavía hoy los avances en el conocimiento de estos ciclos elementales son de
gran calado, como lo son las lagunas todavía por llenar. Algunos de dichos avances se
dan en las interficies entre el océano y los continentes, el fondo marino o la atmósfera.
Respecto a esto último, el océano intercambia con la atmósfera gran cantidad de gases y
partículas que afectan a las propiedades químicas y ópticas de ésta, y al clima. De esta
forma el océano influye en la retención de calor de la atmósfera mediante el intercambio
de gases de efecto invernadero, regula su capacidad oxidativa mediante el intercambio de
gases reactivos, e influye en su balance óptico mediante el intercambio de aerosoles.
Gracias a los esfuerzos internacionales para la integración de datos globales, y gracias
principalmente a la información registrada desde satélites orbitales, se nos está haciendo
evidente hasta qué punto la vida marina, mayoritariamente microbiana, deja su huella
también en el cielo oceánico.
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FUNDACIÓN RAMÓN ARECES
Simposio Internacional: La exploración del océano logros y desafíos
International Symposium: The Exploration of the Ocean: Archievements and Challenges
Madrid, 13 y 14 de junio de 2013
Madrid, June 13-14, 2013
Ocean Observations: The birth of a volcano, Eugenio Fraile
The ocean is a hostile environment that covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface at
depths varying from 0 to 11.000 meters. Their study is quite complicated and expensive,
but essential for understanding the internal variations that control the Earth's climate.
Humans have looked at the ocean for thousands of years, but in the last 50 years, the
advancement of technologies and the creation of operational oceanography have enabled
a quantitative and qualitative leap in the knowledge of the ocean. What are the main tools
used by the Spanish oceanographers to study the ocean? and what are the new
revelations from this set of data to the scientific community? are some of the issues
addressed in this talk.
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How many species inhabit the ocean?, Philippe Bouchet
Is the most simple and perhaps the oldest of scientific questions on marine life. How many
are known is straightforward, and the answer is 235,000 species, with a yearly increment
of 2,000 new species. However, there is no agreement on how many there might be. In the
last couple of years, one study suggested that there are 2.2 million marine species, while
another - using essentially the same dataset - predicted a total as low as 0.3 million. The
Atlantic Ocean (and its satellite seas) and the Antarctic are together concentrating the
lion's share in ocean exploration, but they are home to a very small portion of global
marine biodiversity. Speculations that build on researchers experience and data obtained
in the Atlantic are thus bound to underestimate the real magnitude of marine species. By
contrast, the richest marine biomes - in the tropical regions of the West Pacific and Indian
Oceans - ironically remain the least explored: they are a world of small, rare, and largely
undescribed species. Contrary to popular belief, the number of taxonomists is not globally
eroding, with a new workforce emerging in Latin America and Asia, as well as among the
ranks of citizen scientists in developed countries. Through the revival brought by molecular
systematic, involvement of citizen scientists, and ongoing development of international
databases - of names, specimens, or sequences -, we are privileged to live a new Golden
Age of ocean biodiversity exploration.
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FUNDACIÓN RAMÓN ARECES
Simposio Internacional: La exploración del océano logros y desafíos
International Symposium: The Exploration of the Ocean: Archievements and Challenges
Madrid, 13 y 14 de junio de 2013
Madrid, June 13-14, 2013
The Malaspina 2010 Expedition and the Exploration of the Ocean, Carlos M. Duarte
From December 2010 and 2011 to research vessels, R/V Hesperides and R/V Samiento
de Gamboa sailed the oceans in Spain’s second circumnavigation scientific expedition, the
Malaspina 2010 expedition, the largest marine research project ever undertaken by Spain.
The Malaspina 2010 expedition aimed at examining evidence of the impact of global
change on the ocean ecosystem at the global scale, investigate the biodiversity of the
deep sea and develop a new community of marine researchers far more integrated,
collaborative and exerting leadership in marine sciences internationally. Here I will report
the details on the expedition and provide a first account of the results obtained thus far.
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On the search for water planets: Is the ocean a singularity in the universe?, Ignasi Ribas
La posible existencia de vida fuera de la Tierra es una cuestión que no ha dejado nunca
de cautivar el interés de la Humanidad. Después de siglos de especulación, la ciencia
está dando pasos de gigante para averiguar si el nuestro es el único planeta habitado en
el Universo o si, como ha sucedido a menudo, no gozamos de ninguna posición de
privilegio. La búsqueda y estudio de planetas fuera del Sistema Solar, los llamados
exoplanetas, se ha convertido en una de las áreas más activas de la Astronomía. En los
años recientes se han experimentado enormes avances instrumentales que nos han
llevado a descubrir casi un millar de exoplanetas, desvelando una riqueza de sistemas
planetarios que nunca hubiéramos podido imaginar. El objetivo final, y del cual estamos
bastante cerca, es el descubrimiento de exoplanetasparecidos a nuestra Tierra, con
océanos en su superficie. Hoy ya sabemos que estos mundos habitables, ricos en agua
líquida, pueden ser bastante abundantes. Misiones espaciales en un futuro próximo
planean incluso estudiar la posibilidad de que alberguen vida, para situarnos de este
modoen el contexto del Universo viviente.
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FUNDACIÓN RAMÓN ARECES
Simposio Internacional: La exploración del océano logros y desafíos
International Symposium: The Exploration of the Ocean: Archievements and Challenges
Madrid, 13 y 14 de junio de 2013
Madrid, June 13-14, 2013
Discoveries in the Exploration of the Deep Ocean, Eva Ramírez-Llodra
The deep sea, the largest biome on Earth, has a series of characteristics that make this
environment both distinct from other marine and land ecosystems and unique for the entire
planet. Nevertheless, the deep sea is still mostly unknown and current discovery rates of
both habitats and species remain high. Deep-sea biodiversity is among of the highest on
the planet, mainly composed of macro and meiofauna, with high evenness. However, in
some ecosystems with particularly “extreme” physicochemical processes such as
hydrothermal vents, biodiversity is low, but abundance and biomass are high and the
communities are dominated by a few species. One of the major issues faced by regional
and global deep-sea biodiversity studies is the decoupling between the high rates of
species new to science collected regularly and the low description rates for these new
species. Furthermore, the depletion of biological and mineral resources on land and in
shallow waters, coupled with technological developments, is rapidly increased the
exploitation of deep-sea goods and services, affecting systems for which we have, in most
cases, limited knowledge. Urgent challenges faced by the scientific deep-sea community
include continuing exploration of large unknown areas and improving our understanding of
deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem function. This is particularly important if the scientific
community, working closely with industry, conservation organizations and policy makers, is
to develop robust and efficient conservation and management options for deep-sea
systems and their resources.
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Corals in extreme ecosystems: exploring and re-discovering marine life in the shelf-break,
Josep Maria Gili
In recent years, the increased accessibility of technologies for underwater exploration, like
remotely operated vehicles and manned submersibles, has opened the possibility to
explore those parts of the ocean that, until now, remained out of sight and virtually
unknown. However, even those areas are highly threatened by anthropogenic activities.
Large extensions of corals reefs, sponge aggregations and other sessile organisms are
FUNDACIÓN RAMÓN ARECES
Simposio Internacional: La exploración del océano logros y desafíos
International Symposium: The Exploration of the Ocean: Archievements and Challenges
Madrid, 13 y 14 de junio de 2013
Madrid, June 13-14, 2013
commonly found at the edge of the continental shelf and upper slope, in submarine
canyons, and in countless seamounts that spread along the world’s oceans. Current
scientific work using acoustics- and robotics-based techniques, like ROVs and manned
submersibles equipped with high-resolution cameras, have increased our knowledge
about the ecology of benthic communities, and have provided insights on their role in the
functioning of marine ecosystems. Hotspots of benthic biodiversity at the shelf-break and
upper slope host large groups of species, many of them commercially important, which
find in these areas a place for food, shelter, breeding and nursery. They also serve as
home for commercially important species. Systematic fishing, mainly by trawling, has
pushed these fragile ecosystems into being considered some of the most threatened in the
world and… unwittingly.
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How many fish are in the ocean?, Xabier Irigoien
With a current estimate of about 1000 million tons, mesopelagic fish dominate the world
total fish biomass and play a key role in open ocean food webs. However, recent acoustic
observations show that mesopelagic fish exhibit pronounced trawl avoidance, suggesting
that their biomass could be significantly larger than the current estimate. Here, we report
observations from the Malaspina 2010 Circumnavigation Expedition that suggest that this
estimate needs to be revised as the total fish biomass is likely to be one order of
magnitude higher. We show that there is a close relationship between the open ocean fish
biomass and primary production, and that the energy transfer efficiency from
phytoplankton to mesopelagic fish in the open ocean is higher than what is typically
assumed. Our results suggest that the role of mesopelagic fish on the oceanic ecosystems
and global ocean biogeochemical cycles needs to be revised.
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Marine Sciences in Spain, Fidel Echevarría
In this presentation the marine research during the last Spanish National Plan 2008-2012
is analyzed. The Marine Science and Technology Program (MAR) is the main focus of the
FUNDACIÓN RAMÓN ARECES
Simposio Internacional: La exploración del océano logros y desafíos
International Symposium: The Exploration of the Ocean: Archievements and Challenges
Madrid, 13 y 14 de junio de 2013
Madrid, June 13-14, 2013
analysis, as it is the main program funding projects on marine science, although there are
other programs also including marine research: i.e. ANT (Polar research), BTE (Earth
Science), BOS (Biodiversity) or ACU (Aquaculture). In the last 5 years we have had a
progressive reduction in the percentage of funded projects, and in the average funding per
project. This reduction has been transversal, affecting every program in the ministry,
including MAR. Most of the Spanish research projects are carried out by Universities,
CSIC (Spanish Research Council) or IEO (Spanish Institute of Oceanography). Around
30% of the marine projects need a research vessel to be carried out, and so they need
one of the 12 vessels in our oceanographic fleet. Calendars and the coordination of this
oceanographic fleet are coordinated by COCSABO (Spanish commission for coordination
and following of oceanographic vessels). Other important infrastructures related with
marine research include some facilities as the Antarctic bases (Gabriel de Castilla and Rey
Juan Carlos) or observatories such as PLOCAN (in Canary Islands) and SOCIB (Balearic
Islands).In the second half of this presentation a prospective on the future of marine
research is addressed. This analysis can not avoid several uncertainties, as a result of the
actual economical crisis, but also as a consequence of several modifications in normative
aspects, with the recent approval of a new Science law in Spain that will change several
aspects of the management of research, including marine.
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