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Structures and Functions SAP Standard Anatomical Position • • • • Dorsal = BACK Ventral = CHEST Anterior = HEAD Posterior = BUTT Male or Female? Frog External Anatomy LABEL the structures on the mouth •Nostrils •Maxillary Teeth •Vomerine Teeth •Esophagus •Eustachian Tubes •Glottis •Tongue Frog Mouth Anatomy • The tongue – Attaches to the front or the back of the mouth. forked – Flips out to catch prey • The esophagus – in the center of the mouth, toward the back, a single round opening – leads to the stomach • The Eustachain Tubes – Close to the angles of the jaw, two openings, one on each side. – to equalize pressure in the inner ear while the frog is swimming – Leads to the tympanic membrane • The Glottis – Just behind the tongue, a slit like opening. – the opening to the lungs – frog breathes and vocalizes with the glottis • Teeth – – – – • The frog has two sets of teeth The vomerine teeth are found on the roof of the mouth. The maxillary teeth are found around the edge of the mouth. Both are used for holding prey, frogs swallow their meals whole and do NOT chew. Nostrils (External and Internal Nares) – Two tiny openings on the roof of the mouth Structure Vomerine teeth Function Location Trap prey Roof of mouth Eustachian tubes Equalize pressure in ear Back corners of mouth Nictitating Membrane Protect eyes in water Lower eye lid Tympanic Membrane Eardrum – for hearing Behind eye on side of head Esophagus Connect mouth to stomach Back center of mouth Seal off trachea that leads to lungs Bottom of mouth in front of esophagus Glottis camouflage • most frogs have dark dorsal sides and light ventral sides to protect them from predators on land and in water, respectively brain • consists of five major regions: olfactory lobes, cerebrum, optic lobe, cerebellum, and the medula oblongata (anterior to posterior); nervous system medula oblongata • a region of the brain which controls some organ function, such as respiration rate and heart rate; nervous system cerebellum • a region of the brain that is responsible for muscle coordination; nervous system cerebrum • a region of the brain that is responsible for learning; nervous system cloaca • collects wastes from digestive and excretory systems, and removes them from the body esophagus • digestive system structure which is a tube leading food from the mouth cavity to the stomach eustachian tubes • tubes connecting the mouth cavity and the tympanic membrane that help equalize internal ear pressure fat bodies • attached near the kidneys, and provide nourishment for the gametes; much larger and more abundant in females gall bladder • stores bile from the liver, and sends bile to the small intestine; digestive system Frog internals 2 40 38 42 43 39 44 56 55 50 46 52 51 49 47 38. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 46. 47. 49. 50. 51. 52. 55. 56. Auricle (atrium) Ventricle Conus arteriosus Lung Liver Gall bladder Small intestine Large intestine Spleen Kidney Fat bodies Urinary bladder Adrenal gland testis gullet • the opening to the esophagus; digestive system heart • three chambered structure (ventricle, right atrium, left atrium) that circulates blood; circulatory system kidneys • filter blood and urine that drains into the urinary bladder; excretory system large intestine • collects wastes from the tissues; digestive system left atrium • a chamber of the heart that collects oxygenated blood from the lungs and pushes it into the ventricle; circulatory system • liver a three lobed structure that produces bile for lipid digestion; not part of food passage through the digestive system, but rather through the blood supply; digestive system lung • collects oxygen from the air and transfers it to the blood supply; respiratory system nictating membrane • a clear covering over the eye, acting similar to an eyelid, protecting the eye from debris in the water or keeping the eye moistened when on land olfactory lobes •a region of the brain responsible for the sense of smell; nervous system optic lobes •a region of the brain responsible for the sense of sight; nervous system pancreas • secretes enzymes into the small intestine; digestive system right atrium • a chamber of the heart that collects deoxygenated blood from the tissues and pumps it into the ventricle; circulatory system small intestine • breaks down soupy mixture from stomach into usable nutrients, using bile from the gall bladder and enzymes from the pancreas; digestive system spinal cord •connected to the brain and 10 pairs of spinal nerves; nervous system spleen • filters improperly functioning blood cells; circulatory system stomach • secretes digestive juices to breakdown whole foods swallowed by the frog into a soupy mixture; digestive system teeth • maxillary and vomerine teeth are used to hold onto caught prey, not for chewing Frog mouth 30. 31. 33. 34. 35. 36. Maxillary teeth Vomerine teeth Eustachian tubes Tongue Glottis Esophagus tongue • folded and slightly forked (but not like a snake's); it flips forward to catch prey tympanic membrane • the eardrum, which collects sound waves; this is more external than one found in humans, and allows frogs to hear well in the water too urinary bladder • stores urine before it is exreted through the cloaca; excretory system ventricle • a chamber of the heart that collects blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the tissues, and collects blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs; circulatory system TESTIS and OVARIES Frog mouth 30. 31. 33. 34. 35. 36. Maxillary teeth Vomerine teeth Eustachian tubes Tongue Glottis Esophagus Frog internals 1 One mouse click for answers 38. 39. 40. 41. 43. 51. 52. Ventricle Auricle (atrium) Conus arteriosus Aortic arches Liver Fat bodies Urinary bladder Frog internals 2 Mouse click once for answers 40 38 42 43 39 44 56 55 50 46 52 51 49 47 38. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 46. 47. 49. 50. 51. 52. 55. 56. Auricle (atrium) Ventricle Conus arteriosus Lung Liver Gall bladder Small intestine Large intestine Spleen Kidney Fat bodies Urinary bladder Adrenal gland testis Frog internals- male 45 48 49 46 56 55 50 47 57 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 55. 56. 57. Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Pancreas Spleen Kidney Adrenal Testis Vestigial oviducts Frog internals- female Mouse click one time for answers 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 51. 52. 58. 59. Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Pancreas Spleen Fat bodies Urinary bladder Ovary Oviduct Last slide Internal Anatomy Digestive, Circulatory & Respiratory Systems • Fat Bodies --Spaghetti shaped structures that have a bright orange or yellow color • Peritoneum A spider web like membrane that covers many of the organs, you may have to carefully pick it off to get a clear view • Liver--The largest structure of the body cavity. This brown colored organ is composed of three parts, or lobes. The right lobe, the left anterior lobe, and the left posterior lobe. The liver is not primarily an organ of digestion; it does secrete a digestive juice called bile. Bile is needed for the proper digestion of fats. Bile is emptied into the gall bladder which then empties into the duodenum. • Heart - at the top of the liver, the heart is a triangular structure. The left and right atrium can be found at the top of the heart. A single ventricle located at the bottom of the heart. The large vessel that extends out from the heart is the conus arteriosis. • • • • • • • Lungs - underneath & behind the heart & liver. They are two spongy organs. Lungs attach to the trachea via tubes called bronchi. Gall bladder--a small green sac under the liver which stores bile and then releases it into the duodenum via the bile duct. Stomach--Curving from underneath the liver is the stomach. The stomach is the first major site of chemical digestion. Frogs swallow their meals whole. The stomach connects to the small intestine. The pyloric sphincter valve regulates the exit of food from the stomach Pancreas – This glandular organ is located within the curve of the stomach. On preserved frogs it may not be easy to find, as the gland breaks down. It secretes insulin, which is needed for the proper breakdown of sugar. Small Intestine--Leading from the stomach. The first straight portion of the small intestine is called the duodenum, the curled portion is the ileum. A membrane called the mesentery holds the ileum together. Note the blood vessels running through the mesentery; they will carry absorbed nutrients away from the intestine. Absorption of digested nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Large Intestine--the small intestine will widen into the large intestine. The large intestine is also known as the cloaca in the frog. The cloaca is the last stop before wastes, sperm, or urine exit the frog's body. (The word "cloaca" means sewer.) Last is the anus. • Spleen—In the folds of the mesentery is a dark red spherical object that serves as a holding area for blood, where harmful particles can be filtered out for the immune system. • Esophagus--where the stomach gets smaller at the bottom of the esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that leads from the frog’s mouth to the stomach. Stomach & Intestine The texture and ridges on the inside of the stomach is referred to as rugae. Rugae help to break down food. Measuring the Small intestine: If you remove the small intestine and stretch it out and measure it you’ll find it is as long if not longer than the length of your frog. The Heart -- just above the liver in the center The dark reddish brown vessel on the front of the heart is the conus arteriosis, which sends blood to the body. On the back are the openings for the anterior and posterior vena cava, which return blood to the heart. How many chambers does the frog heart have? THREE Urogenital System• • • • • The frog’s reproductive and excretory system is combined into one system called the urogenital system. Kidneys – flattened bean shaped organs located at the lower back of the frog, near the spine. They are often a dark color. The kidneys filter wastes from the blood. Often fat bodies are attached to the kidney. Testes – in male frogs, these organs are located at the top of the kidneys, they are pale colored and round. Oviducts – females do not have testes, though you may see a curly-q type structure around the outside of the kidney, these are the oviducts. Oviducts are where eggs are produced. Bladder – An empty sac located at the lowest part of the body cavity. The bladder stores urine. Cloaca – mentioned again as part of the urogenital system – urine, sperm and eggs exit here. Female Fat Bodies Oviducts Kidneys Cloaca Ovary Bladder Male Fat Bodies Testes Kidneys Cloaca Bladder Post Lab Questions 1. The membrane holds the coils of the small intestine together: MESSENTARY 2. This organ is found under the liver, it stores bile: GALL BLADDER 3. Name the 3 lobes of the liver: RIGHT LOBE, LEFT ANTERIOR LOBE, LEFT POSTERIOR LOBE 4. The organ that is the first major site of chemical digestion: STOMACH 5. Eggs, sperm, urine and wastes all empty into this structure, the “sewer”: CLOACA 6. The small intestine leads to the: LARGE INTESTINE/CLOACA 7. Blood returns to the heart via the anterior and posterior VENA CAVA 8. Yellowish structures that serve as an energy reserve: FAT BODIES 9. The first part of the small intestine (straight part): DUODENUM 10. After food passes through the stomach it enters the: SMALL INTESTINE Post Lab Questions 11. A spiderweb like membrane that covers the organs: PERITONEUM 12. Regulates the exit of partially digested food from the stomach: PYLORIC SPHINCTER 13. The large intestine (cloaca) leads to the URINARY BLADDER / ANUS (the opening to the outside ) 14. Organ found within the mesentery that stores blood: SPLEEN 15. The largest organ in the body cavity: LIVER 16.Vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs: PULMONARY ARTERIES 17. The esophagus leads to the STOMACH the glottis leads to the LUNGS 18. Bile moves from the gall bladder to the duodenum through the COMMON BILE duct. 19.The organ located near the stomach that makes insulin: PANCREAS 20.The large vessel that carries blood away from the heart: CONUS ARTERIOSIS A Esophagus B Left Atrium C Stomach D Pancreas E Pyloric Sphincter F Anus G Right Atrium H Lungs I Heart J Liver K Gall Bladder L Small Intestine M Large Intestine/ Cloaca N Conus Arteriosis P Spleen