Download The Renaissance 14th through the 16th Centuries

World History Transition
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Assignment #22
 Assignment #23
 Middle Ages Tic-Tac-Toe
 Special Project #2 (Mesoamerican Civilizations)
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SSWH9 Renaissance
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Quiz/Exam Practice
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“Renaissance” means
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a) digression
b) rebirth
c) history
d) diversion
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Quiz/Exam Practice
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________________ is the city most closely
associated with the Renaissance.
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a) Rome
b) Cairo
c) Berlin
d) Florence
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Quiz/Exam Practice
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______________ could be said to be the
father of “humanism.”
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a) Jesus
b) Petrarch
c) Michelangelo
d) Leonardo da Vinci
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Quiz/Exam Practice
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______________ could be said to be the
father of “humanism.”
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a) Jesus
b) Petrarch
c) Michelangelo
d) Leonardo da Vinci
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Quiz/Exam Practice
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English author Geoffrey Chaucer chose to
write his Canterbury Tales in English, rather
than Latin. This is an example of an author
writing in the
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a) prose
b) vernacular
c) past perfect tense
d) Gospels
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Quiz/Exam Practice
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Which of the following can be evidenced
from Renaissance art we have seen, and as
based on classical Greek art?
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a) order
b) balance
c) proportion
d) all of the above
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Quiz/Exam Practice
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Which of the following is/are best included in
the concept of “humanism.”
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a) attention was not focused on matters of getting
into Heaven
b) life and pleasures were worthwhile for their
own sake
c) rediscovery of ancient Greco-Roman
civilization
d) all of the above
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Applicable Georgia Standard
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SSWH9 The student will analyze change and
continuity in the Renaissance…
a. Explain the social, economic, and political
changes that contributed to the rise of Florence and
the ideas of Machiavelli.
b. Identify artistic and scientific achievements of
Leonardo da Vinci, the “Renaissance man,” and
Michelangelo.
c. Explain the main characteristics of humanism;
include the ideas of Petrarch, Dante, and Erasmus.
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The Renaissance
The Beginning of “Modern” History
c.1300 – c. 1600
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“Renaissance” Means “Rebirth”
or “Revival”
•.
C. 1300-1600
Period marked revival of art,
literature, and learning
Transition between medieval
and modern western Europe
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Features of the Renaissance
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Rediscovery of ancient “pagan” Greco-Roman civilization
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Neglected during Middle Ages
Emphasized reason, questioning attitude, experimentation, and free
inquiry
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Middle Age emphasis on faith, authority, and tradition
Glorified individual and worldly pleasures
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Life worthwhile for its own sake
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Life not merely preparation for hereafter
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Focused attention of worldly secular matters
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Decreased emphasis on Roman Catholic Church and religious
affairs
Great achievements in art, literature, and science
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The Renaissance Started in “Italy”
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Center of Greco-Roman culture
 Buildings, roads, manuscripts, curiosity about classical
civilization
 In Mediterranean; absorbed ideas from Byzantine and
Islamic worlds
Benefited from revival of trades resulting from Crusades
 Wealthy people became patrons of literature, art, and
science
 Certain popes in Rome; merchants in Venice
 Sforza family in Milan
 Medici family in Florence; very powerful
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Florence Became the Preeminent
Renaissance City
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Economic recovery from tumultuous 14th
century; banking center, center of
commerce/real estate
Major center of trade, banking, cloth
production, and the arts
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The Birthplace of the Renaissance
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The city-states of Northern Italy
Florence was the center of the Renaissance
Italy was politically fragmented and the city-states
often fought for power and control
City-states came to be ruled by wealthy and
powerful business people (not necessarily nobility)
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Signori- (despots) and oligarchies (group of individuals)
maintained order
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The Medici Family of Florence
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The most powerful family of the Italian
Renaissance
Came to power through business dealings and
banking
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Bank of the Vatican and the papacy
Spent tremendous amounts of money supporting
the arts and cultural development (patrons)
Medici power often involved corruption and
intrigue
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Prince Machiavelli and Political
Thought
•Ideas about how to gain and keep power,
regardless of “right” or “wrong”
•Machiavelli’s ideas came from understanding of
human nature
People are self-centered, greedy, fickle, liars,
and deceivers
•Abandoned morality as basis for analyzing political
behavior
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Renaissance Society was
Stratified
•Clergy – “First Estate”
•Nobility - “Second Estate”
Dominated society (yet, only 2-3% of population)
High expectations placed on this class (learning and
culture, military service)
•Peasants and townspeople (“Third Estate”) – 85-90% of
population
•Family bonds important in dangerous urban society
•Clergy – formed “First Estate”
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The Renaissance Spreads
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By 15th century, Renaissance had spread to
France, the German states, Holland, and
England
Cultural diffusion resulted from religious,
military, and commercial contacts
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Humanism Illustrates
Renaissance Spirit
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Movement Began in 14th Century Italy
Petrarch first to characterize Middle Ages as “period of
darkness”
Not concerned with religious matters
Inspired by classical civilization
 Greek and Roman manuscripts
 This realm of study called “humanities”; philosophy,
poetry, rhetoric, ethics, history
Humanists believed strongly in education as means of
individual self-improvement
Revived interest in writing
and literature (among educated
SSWH9 Renaissance
people)
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Desiderius Erasmus – Scholar and
Theologian
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The Praise of Folly
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Criticism of the abuses and
worldliness of the Church
and papacy
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Renaissance Art
A reflection of Renaissance ideals and values
Emphasis on the classical style and classical themes
Humanistic - with an emphasis on the individual
Religious art remained very important
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Vernacular Replaces Latin as the
“Language of the Learned”
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Latin had been language of church in Middle
Ages
Other languages had slowly evolved
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French, Italian, Spanish, German, English
By end of Middle Ages, some writers began
to write in vernacular more and more
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Some discarded Latin altogether
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Dante (Inferno); Chaucer (Canterbury Tales)
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Invention of Printing Encourages
Literature
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Johannes Gutenberg
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Invented movable type circa 1450; books/Bibles
no longer copied by hand
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Books could now be reproduced less expensively
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Characteristics of Renaissance Art
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Renaissance art more “true to life”;
emphasized realism and attention-to-detail
Basis in Greek “classical art”
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Order, balance, proportion
Less “cartoony”
Frescoes (paintings done on wet plaster)
Perspective
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Applied to sculpture and painting
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The School of Athens by Raphael
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Individualism –Portraits
-Portraits celebrated the unique qualities and personality of the
individual person (E.g. “Mona Lisa” by Leonardo da Vinci)
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Religion remained a major focus of
Renaissance art
“Sistine Chapel” by Michelangelo
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Michelangelo’s Pieta
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The Renaissance was a
“Scientific Revolution”
A new worldview was emerging.
The medieval Christian worldview was giving
way to a more MODERN (secular and
humanistic) view of the world and humanity.
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Renaissance Still Important,
Today
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Built upon scientific writings of Greeks and Romans
Scientific method of observation and experimentation;
challenged medieval/religious superstitions
Uncovered much knowledge about the physical world
Earth not center of the universe (cosmos)
 Human endeavor very small
 Ideas not popular at first
 Challenged religion and superstition
Increased people’s ability to improve health and control
environment
Established foundation for
later scientific progress
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Renaissance Mathematics
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Rediscovery of ancient mathematicians and
influence of Plato
Seen as key to maritime navigation, military
science, and geography
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The Scientific Method
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Attention given to establishing proper means to examine and
understand the physical realm
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
 Proposed a new scientific method of inductive principles
 Scientists should cast aside assumptions
 Should proceed from the particular to the general
 Much strife between church (Catholic and Protestant) and
scientific community
 Issues surrounding nature of man and understanding
the physical universe
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Italian painter, sculptor, inventor, architect
Very much a “Renaissance Man” – very
prolific individual; much ahead of his time
with ideas
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Copernicus
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Polish astronomer who concluded:
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The sun is the center of our solar system
Earth is merely one of several planets orbiting the
sun
Ideas considered heretical by the Roman Catholic
Church
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Galileo
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Italian astronomer and physicist
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Propounded the law of falling bodies and greatly
improved the telescope
His observations confirmed the theories of
Copernicus
Persecuted and tried by the Roman Catholic
Church for his scientific work
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Kepler
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German astronomer who determined planets
follow elliptical, rather than circular paths
around the sun
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Ideas help explain the paths followed by manmade satellites today
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Descartes
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French mathematician and philosopher;
considered founder of analytic geometry
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Sir Isaac Newton
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English mathematician and physicist
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Invented calculus and formulated the laws of
motion and the law of gravitation
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