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Western Civ
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Test 1 – Study Guide:
Ancient to Renaissance
BACKGROUND FROM ANCIENT THROUGH THE MEDIEVAL ERA
The Greco-Roman era…
Polytheism
Socrates’ and logos…and why they killed him
Plato and the Cave
Aristotle
What we get from the Greeks and Romans [legacy]
Judeo-Christian ethos, worldview [legacy]
30AD – Death of Christ
313AD – Conversion of Constantine
476 “Fall” of Rome
EARLY MIDDLE AGES [c.476-1000s]
Germanic tribes invade [300s-500s]
Muslim, Viking invasions [600s-1000s]
Reconquista [711-1492] Spain
732 – Franks win Battle of Tours
Charlemagne [renaissance #1]
800 – Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor
the Byzantine Empire / Greek
(Eastern) Orthodox church
(Roman) Catholic church
pope
Monasteries
Men to fight, work, pray [feudal order]
Clergy / laymen
1066 Norman invasion of England
Effects on language and governance
HIGH MIDDLE AGES [c.1100-1300s]
[renaissance #2]
Canon law
Cities, Currency
Christendom
Colleges
Crusades – cause [ Battle of Manzikert 1071] / effects
Aquinas (1200s) BIG ideas
* embracing reason,
* natural law
The disasters of the 14th century
100 Years War
Jacqueries
the Black Death, Little Ice Age
Mongols and Turks
1453 – Fall of Constantinople
///
Frye
Avignon/Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism [1378-1414]
John Wycliffe
STARK IDEAS
Two churches – Church of Piety / Church of Power
Syncretism - “peoples religion” [folk religion]
Inquisition
RENAISSANCE
c.1450 printing press: Gutenberg
The printing press spread VERNACULAR which helped encourage NATIONALISM.
The Italian Renaissance [1300s-1500s]
Humanism
Classicism
Civic Virtue
Vernacular
Italian Renaissance humanists [like Pico della Mirandola] revived classical [Greco-Roman] literature and
language [L. Valla]. Some Italian thinkers were more secular [Machiavelli] than religious…spread by the
printing press after the 1450s and challenged the universities and Church… promoted the idea of civic
humanism in city states and more secular models for behavior. {Machiavelli, Castiglione}
Florence, Genoa, Venice, Rome as centers of trade -> causes of Renaissance
the Medici
patronage
Dante’s Divine Comedy
Castiglione’s Courtier
Lorenzo Valla’s exposure of the Donation of Constantine
Christine de Pisan and role of women in Renaissance
1494-98 Savonarola and the French invasion of Florence
1527 sack of Rome by Spanish mercenaries
Perspective and Renaissance art
Princes, merchants and popes used art to enhance their prestige and were PATRONS of the
artists, who became more famous. Renaissance art was based on classical styles and used new
techniques like geometric perspective. They also painted using models and themes from their
own everyday life.
Michelangelo Sistine Chapel, David
Raphael The School of Athens
Leonardo daVinci Last Supper, Mona Lisa
The New Monarchs
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille
Cardinal Ximenes & the Inqusition
New monarchs tried to centralize power by gaining a monopoly on tax collection, organizing
national armies, national law systems, and determining the religious practice for their subjects.
(Ferdinand and Isabella and the Spanish Inquisition, the Valois kings in France [Francis I]
supported by secular theorists like Machiavelli.)
The Hapsburgs and the Holy Roman Empire
Northern Renaissance
Christian humanism (Erasmus) used Renaissance humanist methods to analyze the Bible and
improve theological reasoning, but this led to criticism of the Church and culture. (And laid the
foundation for the Reformation…)
Geopolitical situation in Europe, 1400-1500; MAP of EUROPE c. 1500