Download Meeting of Cultures

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Chapter 1
Meeting of Cultures
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The Shaping of North America
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Mountain Ranges
 Shifting and folding of the earth’s crust thrust up mountain ranges
 _____ ________ years ago – Appalachians
 135-25 million years ago – _________,_________,_________

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Ice Age
 Occurred __ ___________ years ago
 Ice sheets crept from the polar regions to blanket parts of Europe, Asia, and the
Americas
 When the glaciers retreated about _________ years ago, they left the North
American landscape much as we know it today
 Melting glaciers formed the Great Lakes
 They drained southward through the Mississippi River into the _______ ___
_________
 Melting glaciers left the Great Salt Lake
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Peopling the Americas
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Bering Land Bridge
 As the Ice Age was ending and the sea level dropped, it exposed a land bridge
connecting Eurasia with North America in the area of the present-day _______
_____ between Siberia and Alaska
 Across that bridge, probably following migratory herds of game, ventured small
bands of nomadic ________ hunters
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Spreading Out and Surviving
 The original Americans eventually reached the far tip of ________ ________
 By 1492, as many as 54 million people lived in the Americas
 Over 2,000 separate cultures arose
 Peru – _________
 Central America – ________
 Mexico – _______
 Main crop was _________
 Didn’t have horses, oxen, or even the wheel, but still managed to build large
cities
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The Earliest Americans
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Corn
 Corn spread across the Americas from Mexico
 Corn began to transform _______ ____ _______ into settled agricultural villagers
 The Pueblo (means village) people in the Rio Grande valley constructed
intricate irrigation systems to water their cornfields
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cities
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The Earliest Americans
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Corn
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 Corn spread across the Americas from Mexico
 Corn began to transform _______ ____ _______ into settled agricultural villagers
 The Pueblo (means village) people in the Rio Grande valley constructed
intricate irrigation systems to water their cornfields
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Population and the Complexity of Society
 No dense concentrations of population or complex nation-states comparable to the
Aztec empire existed in North America outside of Mexico
 This was one reason for the relative ease with which the European colonizers
subdued the native Americans
 The _________ __________ of the Ohio River valley, the Mississippian culture of
the lower Midwest, and the desert-dwelling __________ peoples of the Southwest
did sustain some large settlements after the incorporation of corn planting around
1,000 AD.
 However, all fell (possibly due to drought) by ________ AD
 The cultivation of maize, beans, and squash reached the southeastern Atlantic
seaboard region of North America about 1,000 AD.
 This allowed some of the highest population densities on the continent, among
them the Creek, Choctaw, and ____________ peoples
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Iroquois
 Located in the northeastern woodlands
 In the 16th century, inspired by the legendary leader Hiawatha, they sustained the
closest thing to the great nation-states of Mexico and Peru
 The Iroquois Confederacy developed the political and organizational skills to sustain
a military alliance that menaced its neighbors, Native Americans, and Europeans
alike, for well over a century
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Native American Settlements
 Most native Americans in North America were living in small, scattered, and
impermanent settlements
 Women tended the crops
 Men hunted, fished, and cleared fields for planting
 This pattern of life frequently conferred substantial authority on women (power and
possessions passed down the female side of the family line in many Indian cultures)
 Native Americans revered the physical world and endowed nature with spiritual
properties
 They were so thinly spread across the continent that vast areas were virtually
untouched by a human presence
 By 1492, there were about 4 million Native Americans in North America
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Indirect Discoverers of the New World
History of the Americas
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Norse
 Scandinavia seafarers landed in present-day Newfoundland about AD 1000
 The area had many wild grapes, so they called it Vinland
 Their venture failed because they weren’t supported by a nation-state
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Christian Crusaders
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 By 1492, there were about 4 million Native Americans in North America
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Indirect Discoverers of the New World
History of the Americas
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Norse
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 Scandinavia seafarers landed in present-day Newfoundland about AD 1000
 The area had many wild grapes, so they called it Vinland
 Their venture failed because they weren’t supported by a nation-state
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Christian Crusaders
 Foiled in their military assaults on the Muslims in the Holy Land from the 11th to 14th
centuries, the crusaders acquired a taste for the exotic delights of Asia
 Goods that had been virtually unknown in Europe now were craved:
 1.
Silk
 2.
Drugs
 3.
Perfumes
 4.
Draperies
 5.
Spices
a. Sugar, a rare luxury in Europe before the crusades, was used to
preserve and flavor food
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Wanting a New Route
 The above goods had to be transported enormous distances from China and India in
ships or on camel
 By the time the goods reached Europe, they were so costly that purchasers and
profits alike were limited
 European consumers and distributors were naturally eager to find a less expensive
route
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Europeans Enter Africa
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Marco Polo
 An Italian adventurer returned to Europe in 1295 and began telling tales of his
nearly 20-year stay in China
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Portuguese and Africa
 With the development of better ships, the Portuguese mariners could overcome
obstacles of wind and current
 As a result, the Portuguese began to creep down the West African coast in the
middle of the 15th century (Dark Continent)
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Beginning of Slavery for Europeans
 They set up trading posts along the African shore for the purchase of gold and
slaves. Arabs and Africans had traded slaves centuries before the Europeans had
arrived
 Slave trading became a big business. 40,000 Africans were carried away to the
Atlantic sugar islands in the last half of the 15th century
 Portugal was the origin of the modern plantation system, based on large-scale
commercial agriculture and exploitation of slave labor
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Bartholomeu Dias (1488)
 Wanting to find a water route to Asia, Dias rounded the southernmost tip of Africa in
1488
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Vasco da Gama (1498)
 Rounded the tip of Africa and reached India (hence Indies refers to Asia – East
Indies – Indonesia; West Indies – Caribbean Sea Islands)
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 Slave trading became a big business. 40,000 Africans were carried away to the
Atlantic sugar islands in the last half of the 15th century
 Portugal was the origin of the modern plantation system, based on large-scale
commercial agriculture and exploitation of slave labor
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Bartholomeu Dias (1488)
 Wanting to find a water route to Asia, Dias rounded the southernmost tip of Africa in
1488
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Vasco da Gama (1498)
 Rounded the tip of Africa and reached India (hence Indies refers to Asia – East
Indies – Indonesia; West Indies – Caribbean Sea Islands)
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Spain
 In the late 15th century, Spain became more powerful from:
 The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile
 Expulsion of the “infidel” Muslim Moors after centuries of Christian-Islamic warfare
 As a result of their new strength, the Spaniards were eager to outdo their
Portuguese rivals.
 Since Portugal controlled the waterways around Africa, Spain looked west
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Columbus Comes Upon a New World
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The Stage Is Set
 Europeans – Clamored for more and cheaper products from the lands beyond the
Mediterranean
 Africa – Was established as a source of cheap slave labor for plantation agriculture
 Portuguese voyages – Demonstrated the feasibility of long-range ocean navigation
 Spain – Was taking shape, with unity, wealth, and power to shoulder the formidable
tasks of discovery, conquest, and colonization
 Renaissance – In the 14th century, it nurtured an ambitious spirit of optimism and
adventure
 Printing presses – Facilitated the spread of scientific knowledge
 Mariner’s compass – Possibly borrowed from the Arabs, eliminated some of the
uncertainties of sea travel
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Christopher Columbus
 Italian seafarer who persuaded the Spanish monarchs to outfit him with three tiny
ships (Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria). He intended to find a water route to Asia
 On October 12, 1492, the crew sighted an island in the Bahamas
 He felt for sure that he had skirted the rim of the “Indies” – (Asia or China) so he
called the native peoples Indians
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When Worlds Collide
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Positive Results of Columbus’ Discovery
 New World plants, such as tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, and potatoes
eventually revolutionized:
 The international economy
 The European diet (3/5 of the crops cultivated around the globe today originated
in the Americas)
 Fed the rapid population growth
 Columbus returned to Hispaniola (Dominican Republic today) with cattle, swine, and
horses
 North American Indian tribes like the Apaches, Sioux, and Blackfoot swiftly
adopted the horse
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Negative Results of Columbus’ Discovery
 The Europeans also brought the germs that caused smallpox, yellow fever, and
malaria
 These diseases would quickly devastate the Native Americans. 90% of the Native
Americans perished
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 Fed the rapid population growth
 Columbus returned to Hispaniola (Dominican Republic today) with cattle, swine, and
horses
 North American Indian tribes like the Apaches, Sioux, and Blackfoot swiftly
adopted the horse
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Negative Results of Columbus’ Discovery
 The Europeans also brought the germs that caused smallpox, yellow fever, and
malaria
 These diseases would quickly devastate the Native Americans. 90% of the Native
Americans perished
 Indians infected early explorers with syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease that was
transferred to Europe
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Amerigo Vespucci (1497)
 Italian member of a Portuguese expedition
 Explored South America
 A cartographer mistakenly thought that Vespucci had an expedition to the New
World before Columbus, so he named the continent America
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The Spanish Conquistadores
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Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
I. Spain secured its claim to Columbus’s discovery in this treaty
II. It created a Papal Line of Demarcation, which divided with Portugal the lands of the
New World – east for Portugal and west for Spain. Most went to Spain, but Portugal
received compensating territory in Africa, Asia, and what would become Brazil
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Spain
 Became the dominant exploring and colonizing power in the 1500s
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Spanish Explorers
 Vasco Nunez Balboa (1513)
 Discovered the Pacific Ocean and crossed Panama
 Ferdinand Magellan (1519-1522)
 Set out to sail around the world (died in Philippines)
 Out of 5 only 1 ship made it home in 1522
 first circumnavigation of the globe
 Juan Ponce de Leon (1513 & 1521)
 Explored Florida for gold and the fountain of youth
 Francisco Pizarro (1532)
 In South America, Pizarro crushed the Incas of Peru and added a huge booty to
Spanish coffers
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Spanish Explorers
 Hernando de Soto (1539-1542)
 He discovered and crossed the Mississippi River
 Francisco Coronado (1540-1542)
 Wandered through Arizona and New Mexico in search of golden cities
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Results of Spanish Discoveries
 By 1600, Spain had a huge amount of silver. This resulted in:
 The foundation of the modern commercial banking system
 Spread commerce and manufacturing
 Paid for trade with Asia
 Islands of the Caribbean Sea (West Indies) served as bases for the Spanish
exploration of mainland America
 The West Indies also served as a place to test the encomienda system.
 It allowed the government to give Indians to certain colonists in return for the
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Results of Spanish Discoveries
 By 1600, Spain had a huge amount of silver. This resulted in:
 The foundation of the modern commercial banking system
 Spread commerce and manufacturing
 Paid for trade with Asia
 Islands of the Caribbean Sea (West Indies) served as bases for the Spanish
exploration of mainland America
 The West Indies also served as a place to test the encomienda system.
 It allowed the government to give Indians to certain colonists in return for the
promise to try to Christianize them. It was actually slavery.
 With the death of Native American slaves, Spaniards began importing African
slaves
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The Conquest of Mexico
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Hernan Cortes (1519)
 Set sail from Cuba to Mexico with:
 16 horses
 Many guns
 Several hundred men
 11 ships
 He heard from the interpreters about gold and other wealth stored up in the
legendary Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan
I.
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Hernan Cortes (1519)
 Superstitious Moctezuma believed that Cortes was the god Quetzalcoatl, whose
return from the eastern sea was predicted in Aztec legends. As a result, he allowed
the conquistadors to approach his capital unopposed
 Cortes then laid siege to the city and it fell in August 1521, the same year a
smallpox epidemic swept through the area
 The population of Mexico shrank from 20 million to 2 million in less than a century
III.
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The Planting of English America
Chapter 2
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Cabot voyage in 1497
 claimed Newfoundland
 discovered only cod (Grand Banks)
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What encouraged exploration
 mid-century changes in the status quo which encouraged exploration
 Spanish threat to the European balance of power
 ___________ ___________and the break with the Pope
 increased sense of English ____________
 rise of a commercial middle class and available venture capital
 evolution of ____________ theory
 a nation’s power is measured by its wealth
 there is a _________ amount of wealth in the world
 establishment of a __________ balance of trade - the importance of colonies
 colonies exist for the good of the mother country
source of raw materials
markets for manufactured goods
depository for over population
A.
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 evolution of ____________ theory
 a nation’s power is measured by its wealth
 there is a _________ amount of wealth in the world
 establishment of a __________ balance of trade - the importance of colonies
 colonies exist for the good of the mother country
source of raw materials
markets for manufactured goods
depository for over population
A.
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Anti-Spanish acts
 Royal encouragement of “_____ ______” raids against Spanish shipping (Hawkins
and Drake)
 Drake first Englishman to circumnavigate the world
 returned a profit of $9 million -263,000 pounds Elizabeth’s share _________profit
I.
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Anti-Spanish acts
 Defeat of the ________ _______- 1588
 Spain attempting to invade _________
 130 ships - 7000 sailors - 17,000 man invasion army
 week long engagement
 one half the Spanish fleet was destroyed (part by Britain - part by hurricane)
 English had better ships and better guns
 ____________ - sinking rather than boarding
 significance
marks the end of Spanish and beginning of English naval domination
marks a changing power structure in Europe
elimination of __________ threat encourages the establishment of colonies
II.
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MOTIVES FOR ENGLISH COLONIZATION
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England on the Eve of Empire
 Reasons To Explore
 _____________
 Population in England swelled from 3 million in 1550 to 4 million in 1600
 Landlords were “enclosing” croplands for sheep grazing
 Thousands of unemployed farmers and the homeless ventured to the New
World
 ______________
 To escape persecution by Protestants of Roman Catholics
 _______________
 Only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates, so many younger sons
went to the New World (primogeniture)
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Initial attempts
 Sir Humphrey _________- 1583
 established trading post on the Penobscot River - raiding station
 St. Johns, Newfoundland - ordered all fishermen under the Queen’s control
 abandons attempt after losing a ship - Gilbert on the Squirrel lost at sea
 Sir ______ ________inherits charter
 1585 - 108 women and men settled on Roanoke Island
 1586 - Drake sent to check on them - takes them home - actually 15 remain
 1587 - 89 men - 7 women - 11 children settle on Roanoke Island
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Initial attempts
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 Sir Humphrey _________- 1583
 established trading post on the Penobscot River - raiding station
 St. Johns, Newfoundland - ordered all fishermen under the Queen’s control
 abandons attempt after losing a ship - Gilbert on the Squirrel lost at sea
 Sir ______ ________inherits charter
 1585 - 108 women and men settled on Roanoke Island
 1586 - Drake sent to check on them - takes them home - actually 15 remain
 1587 - 89 men - 7 women - 11 children settle on Roanoke Island
 lacked support because of ________ ___________
 1590 - lost colony
I.
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